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Abstract
The KMT–CCP negotiations between May 1944 and February 1945 were the last round of political negotiations between the two parties in the Anti-Japanese War period. The negotiations’ theme, proposed by the CCP, was a coalition government. Background factors determined the course of the negotiation proceedings. The three main aspects of the background and its effects were: the attack by the Japanese army that weakened the military and political power of the KMT; involvement of the US that caused ups and downs in the negotiation proceedings; and advocacy for a coalition government by the Democratic League that created a political advantage for the CCP. The proposal for a coalition government posed a threat to the one-party political system of the KMT government.
Notes
1 Sun Yat-sen divided national reconstruction into three periods: military rule, political tutelage, and constitutional government. See Sun Yat-Sen's “Jianguo dagang xuanyan” [Declaration on Fundamentals of National Reconstruction], in Sun Zhongshan quanji [The Complete Works of Sun Yat-Sen], ed. Guangdong sheng shehui kexueyuan lishi yanjiu suo [Institute of History, Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences] et al., vol. 11 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, Citation1987), 102–3.
2 Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi [CCPCC Party Literature Research Office] ed., Mao Zedong nianpu (1893–1949) [Chronicle of Mao Zedong (1893–1949)], vol. 2 (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, Citation1993), 505.
3 Chiang Kai-shek Diaries, Reflection of the Month, March 1944, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, USA.
4 Lin Boqu was then the chairman of the Shaanxi–Gansu–Ningxia border region government, Zhang Zhizhong was then the head of the political department under the Military Council of the Nationalist government, and Wang Shijie was then the head of the Party Central Propaganda Department of the KMT.
5 The national political issues were: a request that the government allow democratic politics, freedom of speech, the press, assembly, and association, and personal liberty; a request that the government lift the ban on political parties and admit the legal status of the CCP and other patriotic parties and groups; and a request that the government implement genuine local people's autonomy. Issues between the two parties mainly involved incorporating and reorganizing the CCP's army into 16 armies and 47 divisions, or at least into five armies and 16 divisions at present, etc. (Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi, Mao Zedong nianpu, vol. 2, 512).
6 Mao Zedong, Mao Zedong wenji [The Collected Works of Mao Zedong], ed. Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi, vol. 3 (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1996), 137. The three major forces of Chiang Kai-shek were armies under Chen Cheng, Hu Zongnan, and Tang Enbo.
7 Wang Shijie, Wang Shijie riji [Wang Shijie's Diary], 22 May 1944, vol. 4 (Taipei: Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, Citation1990), 317–18.
8 Ibid., 31 May 1944, vol. 4, 323.
9 Ibid., 3 June 1944, vol. 4, 325.
10 In Hu Qiaomu, Hu Qiaomu huiyi Mao Zedong [Reminiscences of Mao Zedong by Hu Qiaomu] (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, Citation1994), 367. Liu Shaoqi was then a member of the Secretariat of the CCP Central Committee.
11 Ibid. 368. Zhang Wentian was then a member of the Politburo of the CCP Central Committee.
12 Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi, Mao Zedong nianpu, vol. 2, 524–25.
13 Wang, Wang Shijie riji, 6 July 1944, vol. 4, 351.
14 Ibid., 2 August 1944, vol. 4, 368.
15 Ibid., 4 August 1944, vol. 4, 371.
16 Qin Xiaoyi, ed., Zhonghua minguo zhongyao shiliao chubian: duiri kangzhan shiqi [The First Collection of the Essential Historical Documents of the Republic of China: the Anti-Japanese War Period], vol. 5, part 4 (Taipei: The Committee of Party History, the Central Committee of the KMT, Citation1981), 274.
17 Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi, Mao Zedong nianpu, vol. 2, 534.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid., 536.
20 Lin Boqu, Lin Boqu wenji [The Collected Works of Lin Boqu] (Beijing: Huayi chubanshe, Citation1996), 406–11.
21 Wang, Wang Shijie riji, 30 August 1944, vol. 4, 390.
22 Ibid., 4 September 1944, vol. 4, 393.
23 Zhongyang dang'an guan [Central Archives of China], ed., Zhonggong zhongyang wenjian xuanji [Selected Documents of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party], vol. 14 (Beijing: Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao chubanshe, Citation1992), 323.
24 Mao later said that he had raised the proposal of coalition government because of the great rout of the KMT, because coalition governments had been established in some European countries, and because of the KMT's accusation that the CCP was making pointless democratic requests. See Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi, ed., Mao Zedong zai qida de baogao he jianghua ji [Collection of Mao Zedong's Reports and Speeches at the Seventh Congress of the CCP] (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1995), 101.
25 Wang, Wang Shijie riji, 13 October 1944, vol. 4, 420.
26 Ibid, 19 October 1944, vol. 4, 425.
27 Ibid., 426.
28 Ibid., 21 October 1944, vol. 4, 428.
29 Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi, Mao Zedong nianpu, vol. 2, 552.
30 Wang, Wang Shijie riji, 3 November 1944, vol. 4, 437–38.
31 Ibid., 438.
32 Chiang Kai-shek Diaries, 5 November 1944.
33 Ibid., 7 November 1944.
34 Ibid., 11 November 1944.
35 Wang, Wang Shijie riji, 11 November 1944, vol. 4, 443. Stilwell was the former chief of staff of the China theater. He was relieved of duty by Chiang in October 1944.
36 Ibid., 13–14 November 1944, vol. 4, 444.
37 Qin, ed., Zhonghua minguo zhongyao shiliao chubian: dui ri kangzhan shiqi, vol. 5, part 4, 294.
38 Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi, Mao Zedong nianpu, vol. 2, 560.
39 Wang, Wang Shijie riji, 4 August 1944, vol. 4, 371.
40 The three parties were the China Youth Party, the National Socialist Party, and China's National Liberation Action Committee. The three groups were the National Salvation Association, the Association of Vocational Education, and the Rural Construction Group.
41 Wang, Wang Shijie riji, 5 October 1943, vol. 4, 413. Zhang Junmai was the leader of the National Socialist Party, Zuo Shunsheng and Li Huang were the leaders of the China Youth Party, and Zhang Bojun was the leader of the China's National Liberation Action Committee.
42 Sun Ke was then the head of the Legislative Yuan, and Huang Yanpei was then the leader of the Association of Vocational Education.
43 Wang, Wang Shijie riji, 18 October 1944, vol. 4, 424.
44 Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi, Mao Zedong nianpu, vol. 2, 498.
45 Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi ed., Zhou Enlai nianpu (1898–1949) [Chronicle of Zhou Enlai (1898–1949)] (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1989), 572.
46 Zhonghua zhiye jiaoyushe [The Association of Vocational Education of China] and Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan jindaishisuo [The Institute of Modern History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences], eds., Huang Yanpei riji [Huang Yanpei's Diary], 30 April 1944, vol. 8 (Beijing: Huawen chubanshe, Citation2008), 256.
47 Ibid., 14 June 1944, vol. 8, 277.
48 Ibid.
49 Nanfangju dangshi ziliao zhengji xiaozu [The Southern Bureau Party History Data Collection Group], ed., Nanfangju dangshi ziliao: dashiji [The Southern Bureau Party History Data – Chronicle of Events] (Chongqing: Chongqing chubanshe, Citation1986), 241.
50 Ibid., 242.
51 Ibid.
52 Chiang Kai-shek Diaries, 16 September 1944.
53 Wang, Wang Shijie riji, 22 September 1944, vol. 4, 404.
54 Tang Zong's Diary, 10 November 1944. Gong'anbu dang'an guan [Ministry of Public Security Archives], ed., Zai Jiang Jieshi shenbian ba nian – Shicongshi gaoji muliao Tang Zong riji [Eight Years Around Chiang Kai-shek – Diary of One of His Top Aides: Tang Zong] (Beijing: Qunzhong chubanshe, Citation1991), 470. Tang Zong was then serving Chiang Kai-shek as the group leader of the Generalissimo's sixth staff room.
55 Wang, Wang Shijie riji, 25 September 1944, vol. 4, 405.
56 Ibid., 4 January 1945, vol. 5, 2–3.
57 Ibid., 15 January 1945, vol. 5, 10–11.
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