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Articles

The political action of the common people in the towns of the Cantabrian coast

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Pages 403-420 | Received 16 Apr 2018, Accepted 01 Jul 2018, Published online: 20 Aug 2018
 

ABSTRACT

In this paper we examine the influence exercised by popular action on the political system of the Crown of Castile’s Cantabrian possessions in the late Middle Ages. Working from a mixture of municipal records, lawsuits preserved in the Royal Chancery Archive in Valladolid, chronicles and historical literature we will attempt to do the following: identify the protagonists of said popular political action, examine the basis of their political discourse, advance in our understanding of their political organisation, and evaluate the consequences of their activity.

Acknowledgements

This paper forms part of the results of the Ministry of Science & Innovation funded Research Project De la Lucha de Bandos a la hidalguía universal: transformaciones sociales, políticas e ideológicas en el País Vasco (siglos XIV y XV) (HAR2017-83980-P) and of the Basque Government’s Consolidated Research Group Sociedad, poder y cultura (siglos XIV-XVIII), (IT-896-16). We would also like to thank Jon A. Fernández de Larrea and Fabrizio Titone for their comments on earlier drafts of the text. The text has been translated by David Peterson.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes on contributors

José Ramón Díaz de Durana is Full Professor of Medieval History in the University of Basque Country and Research In Charge of the Research group in Power, Society and Culture (14th to 18th centuries).

The analysis of the society, both rural and urban, the economy and the local and territorial institutions of the Basque Country and of the northern Spanish Coast in general have been the principal themes of the author’s research. Over the last few years, the author has focused above all on the lesser nobility, known as the hidalgos, of the northern coastal regions.

Publications include: (2011) Anonymous Noblemen: The Generalization of Hidalgo Status in the Basque Country (1250-1525), Turnhout: Brepols Publishers (Belgium); (2014) “Culture politique et identité dans les villes cantabriques à la fin du Moyen Âge.” Histoire Urbaine 40: 131–57 (with Arsenio Dacosta); (2016) “La otra nobleza, la hidalguía”, en Discurso, memoria y representación. La nobleza peninsular en la Baja Edad Media, XLII Semana de Estudios Medievales de Estella. Pamplona: Gobierno de Navarra, 333–376; (2017) “Changing Skin- Identities and Strategies in Late Medieval Basque banderizo warfare.” In Factional Struggles. Divided Elites in European Cities and Courts (1400–1750), ed. Mathieu Caesar, 37–55. Leiden/Boston: Brill. (with Arsenio Dacosta).

Arsenio Dacosta is Professor of Social Anthropology in the University of Salamanca. My works are circumscribed in what can be called Historical Anthropology. More specifically, the author focused on the definition of the hidalgo lineage, in the genealogical texts of the Iberian nobility and in the political discourses of the nobility in the low middle ages.

Some latest publications include: (2014) La conciencia de los antepasados. La construcción de la memoria de la nobleza en la Baja Edad Media. Madrid: Marcial Pons (editor, with José Ramón Prieto y José Ramón Díaz de Durana; (2015) De la anomalía a lo extraordinario: nobleza, linaje y escritura genealógica en Castilla (siglos XIII-XIV), Hispania. Revista Española de Historia LXXV, no. 251: 617–640; (2017) Relatos de Criação, de Fundação e de Instalação: Histórica, Mitos e Poética. Lisboa: Universidade Nova de Lisboa (editor, with Isabel de Barros and José Manuel Pedrosa); (2017) “Prosopografía y bases de datos. Desafíos teóricos y metodológicos para el estudio de la Edad Media.” In Ana Isabel Carrasco Manchado (dir.), El historiador frente a las palabras. Lenguaje, poder y política en la sociedad medieval: nuevas herramientas y propuestas, 191–217. Lugo: Axac (with José Ramón Díaz de Durana).

ORCID

José Ramón Díaz de Durana http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5774-7178

Arsenio Dacosta http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3069-028X

Notes

1 This paper was first presented at the International Conference held in Seville in 2013 (15–16 December) and dedicated to the Circulación y consumo de discursos políticos entre la gente común a fines de la Edad Media.

2 Amongst others by Jelle Haemers, Jan Dumolyn, Vincent Challet, Samuel K. Cohn, Fabrizio Titone, Alma Poloni, Peter Coss, Isabel Alfonso Antón, José María Monsalvo, María Asenjo, Rafael Oliva Herrer or María Isabel del Val. Some published in Firnhaber-Baker and Schoenaers, eds., The Routledge History Handbook of Medieval Revolt; in Titone, ed. Disciplined Dissent Strategies; in Oliva Herrer et al., eds., La comunidad medieval como esfera pública; in Monsalvo Antón, ed., Sociedades urbanas y culturas políticas; in Jara Fuente et al., eds., Construir la identidad en la Edad Media.

3 In this paper we employ Cantabria in a geographical sense to apply to the whole coastal strip between the Cantabrian sea and the Cantabrian mountains, from Guipúzcoa to Asturias, rather than in the more restricted modern administrative sense of the Comunidad Autónoma de Cantabria (previously, the province of Santander). Moreover, it should be noted that when we refer to the Cantabrian coastal strip we include cities slightly inland, such as Vitoria and Oviedo, whose histories are intertwined with those on the coast itself.

4 A study by an expert in these northern towns is that of Ruiz de la Peña, “Las villas nuevas del norte”. See also, Díaz de Durana and Dacosta, “Culture politique et identite”.

5 For fifteenth-century Castile and the political disorder caused by warring factions and a weak monarchy see: Historia de España Menéndez Pidal: Los trastámaras de Castilla y Aragón, A. Sesma Muñoz, Fernando de Aragón: hispaniarum rex, Historia de España Menéndez Pidal: La Baja Edad Media Peninsular, Historia de España Menéndez Pidal: La España de los Reyes Católicos, José Luis Martín, Enrique IV.

6 “la mayor parte del pueblo e comun della”: Solórzano, Santander en la Edad Media, 298 and 327; and Solórzano, Colección documental de la villa de Santander, 167–8.

7 “pueblo e cofrades de la cofradía del sennor San Pedro de la villa”: Colección Documental del Archivo Histórico Municipal de Bilbao, 1300–1473, 69.

8 “los besinos e pueblo de la dicha billa”: Colección Documental del Archivo Histórico Municipal de Bilbao, 1300–1473, 103.

9 “los homes buenos e pueblo e comunidat de la dicha billa”: Colección Documental del Archivo Histórico Municipal de Bilbao, 1300–1473, 198.

10 “la gente comun que bien quieren vivir”: Colección Documental del Archivo Histórico Municipal de Bilbao, 1300–1473, 250.

11 “uno del pueblo”: Archivo Municipal de Mondragón, Libro 2, Copia de Privilegios Antiguos (1217 1520), doc. 92, p. CXLIII.

12 “pueblo comun”: Archivo Municipal de Deba. I, 188.

13 See the recent article by Oliva Herrer, “¿Qué es la comunidad? Reflexiones”.

14 Asenjo, “El pueblo urbano: el común”, 181. In a later article the author states that the earlier appearance of the common people is related to the urban settlers establishing themselves in cities conquered from the Muslims from 1085 onwards: Asenjo, “Ambición política y discurso”, 73. She has recently readdressed the question from a different perspective in “Political dissent through complaints”.

15 Solórzano, “La aparición y consolidación de la acción”, 296. He makes the same point in “Protestas del común y cambio político”, 49–50.

16 Monsalvo, El sistema político concejil, 255–8.

17 “que sea valioso et estable por todos tiempos”: Vigil, Colección histórico-diplomática del Ayuntamiento de Oviedo, n° XXIX.

18 Díaz de Durana, “Poder y sociedad: los linajes y la comunidad”, 165–86.

19 Nor were any towns or cities under monastic control; cf. Díaz de Durana and Fernández de Larrea, “Las villas cantábricas bajo el yugo de la nobleza”.

20 Quiñones de León, Los merinos mayores de Asturias, 15–19.

21 For the factions known as bandos and their members the banderizos, see Díaz de Durana, Anonymous Noblemen, and Díaz de Durana and Dacosta, “Changing Skin”, 37–55.

22 Examples of different conflicts within Castile in both rural and urban contexts can be found in: Monsalvo Antón, “La participación política de los pecheros”; Monsalvo Antón, “Gobierno municipal, poderes urbanos”; del Val, “Oligarquía versus común”; del Val, “Ascenso social y lucha”; Diago Hernando, “El ‘común de pecheros’ de Soria”; Asenjo, “El pueblo urbano: el común”; Oliva Herrer, “Conflictos antiseñoriales”. More specifically in the Cantabrian region: Sanz and Beltrán, “Resistencias campesinas”; Solórzano, “De todos los más del pueblo”; Solórzano, “Commo uno más del pueblo”; Solórzano, “Linaje, comunidad y poder”; García Fernández, “Teoría y praxis política”; Tena, La sociedad urbana en la Guipúzcoa; Díaz de Durana, Álava en la Baja Edad Media, 356–77; Barros, Mentalidad justiciera de los irmandiños, siglo XV; Barros, “Violencia y muerte del señor en Galicia a finales de la Edad Media”, 111–58.

23 Lantschner, The Logical of Political Conflict, 33–9 and 63–8.

24 Colección Documental del Archivo Histórico Municipal de Bilbao (1300–1473), doc. 68, 255–79.

25 Titone, “Presentation and practice of Violence”, 146.

26 Ruiz de la Peña, “Solidaridades profesionales en las ciudades”; Erkoreka, Análisis histórico-institucional de las Cofradías; García Fernández, Gobernar la ciudad en la Edad Media, 365–95; García Fernández, “Las cofradías de oficios”; Monsalvo Antón, “Solidaridades de oficio”; Arízaga and Bochaca, “El mar, espacio de sociabilidad”; Solórzano, “The Politics of the Urban Commons”; Solórzano, “Por bien e utilidad”.

27 Solórzano, “La aparición y consolidación”, 311–12.

28 Díaz de Durana, “La lucha de bandos en Vitoria”; Titone and Díaz de Durana, “Sobre la elaboración de discursos políticos”.

29 Ortiz y Pérez Bustamante, Cantabria en la Baja Edad Media, 136–8.

30 Sainz Díaz, Notas históricas sobre la villa de San Vicente de la Barquera, 597.

31 According to the provost, the parishioners of the church of San Miguel held meetings with the intention of depriving him of his patronage, conspiring against him and naming a rival priest to whom they then paid their tithes. See Díaz de Durana, “Patronatos, patronos, clérigos y parroquianos”, 492; Curiel, La parroquia en el País Vasco.

32 The count of Oñate asserted that his vassals had conspired against him and his lordship, meeting secretly in illegal confraternities, drawing up ordinances and swearing on them before God. See Ayerbe, Historia del Condado de Oñate, vol. II, doc. n° 12, 50–4.

33 Díaz de Durana, “Las bases materiales del poder”, 60.

34 For some classic texts that deal with this question: Benito Ruano, Hermandades en Asturias; Ruiz de la Peña, “Realeza y concejos”; Martínez Díez, Álava medieval, vol. 2; González Mínguez, “Aproximación al estudio”; González Mínguez, “El movimiento hermandino en Álava”; Monreal, Las instituciones públicas.

35 For some evaluations of the Hermandades on the cantabrian coast: Fernández Albaladejo, La crisis del Antiguo Régimen; Fernández de Pinedo, “Las Juntas Generales en la Edad Media”; Díaz de Durana, La otra nobleza, 182–95; García de Cortázar et al., Vizcaya en la Edad Media, vol. 4, 65–87; Ruiz de la Peña, “Realeza y Concejos versus ladrones y malfechores”, 49–67.

36 See, for example, in Guipúzcoa, even before the creation of the Hermandad in 1397: Barrena Osoro, Ordenanzas de la Hermandad de Gipúzcoa, 18.

37 Lantschner, The logical of Political Conflict, 34.

38 The Bilbao ordinances of 1435 called for the death penalty for those who fired arrows at sailors and merchants when they were in port or who cut them loose from their moorings. Labayru, Historia general del señorío de Bizcaya, vol. III, 606. For the Vitoria ordinances of 1423 see Díaz de Durana, “La lucha de bandos en Vitoria”, 492–3.

39 In this case, in 1423, the pedido real and the alcabala; for more on this see Díaz de Durana, “La lucha de bandos en Vitoria”, 493–4. In the case of Bilbao they demanded an end to presents and subventions of over 80,000 maravedis, and that they should only be permitted with the approval of the representatives of the council, the merchants and the town guilds; see, Labayru, Historia general del señorío de Bizcaya, 603.

40 Díaz de Durana and Fernández de Larrea, “Acceso al poder y discurso político”, 73–5.

41 Solórzano, “Elites urbanas y construcción del poder”, 212.

42 Labayru, Historia general del señorío de Bizcaya, III, 594–610. The ordinances have been published in Colección documental del Archivo Histórico de Bilbao (1300–1473), 248–71.

43 Labayru, Historia general del señorío de Bizcaya, III, 596–97; Díaz de Durana y Dacosta, “Contra los privillejos de la villa”.

44 Fernández de Larrea, “Conflicto social y represión armada”.

45 Polo, “Los Reyes Católicos y la insaculación”, 141–5.

46 In a similar way to, for example, the captains of the Sicilian cities studied by Titone, “Aragonese Sicily as a model”.

47 Díaz de Durana and Piquero, “Fiscalidad real, fiscalidad municipal”.

48 Sainz Díaz, Notas históricas sobre la villa de San Vicente de la Barquera, 588–96. Indirect taxation, in the form of the sisas, was considered unjust as it was paid equally by all townsfolk irrespective of their wealth.

49 It is worth noting that in the 1435 Madrid Parliament (Cortes), Juan II, in response to a petition by the urban representatives, ordained that election to such offices should not be controlled by banderizo factions: Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y Castilla, vol. III, 187–9.

50 Labayru, Historia general del señorío de Bizcaya, 595.

51 Labayru, Historia general del señorío de Bizcaya, 596; Díaz de Durana and Dacosta, “Contra los privillejos de la villa”, 84.

52 Díaz de Durana and Fernández de Larrea, “Acceso al poder y discurso político”, 63–8; García Fernández, Gobernar la ciudad en la Edad Media, 246–78; Pérez Hernández, “Porque asy conbenia al bien de la dicha villa”.

53 Archivo Real Chancillería de Valladolid, Pleitos Civiles, Alonso Rodríguez, Depositados, 7/1 (1494–1496). See Díaz de Durana, “Crear memoria y utilizarla judicial y políticamente”.

54 Archivo Real Chancillería de Valladolid, Pleitos Civiles, Alonso Rodríguez, Depositados, 7/1 (1494–1496).

55 “la poca justicia de estos reinos”: Archivo Real Chancillería de Valladolid, Pleitos Civiles, Alonso Rodríguez, Depositados, 7/1 (1494–1496).

56 Díaz de Durana and Fernández de Larrea, “El discurso político de los protagonistas”, 316; and Dacosta, “Contiendas en la arena política”.

57 Martínez Gorriarán, Casa, Provincia, Rey, 57.

58 Edited by Aguirre Gandarias, Las dos primeras crónicas de Vizcaya, 107–84. For an analysis of this work see Dacosta, “Historiografía y Bandos”.

59 Anales Breves de Vizcaya, 151. For more on this question see Dacosta, “Porque é fasía desafuero”; Dacosta and Díaz de Durana, “Political identities in conflict”.

60 Otazu and Díaz de Durana, El espíritu emprendedor de los vascos, 74; Díaz de Durana and Otazu, “L’autre noblesse”, 73.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Basque Government’s Consolidated Research Group (IT-896-16) [grant number 2]; Ministry of Science & Innovation funded Research Project (HAR2017-83980-P) [grant number 1].

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