A plot-based elevational assessment of species densities, life forms and leaf traits of seed plants in the south-eastern Himalayan biodiversity hotspot, North Myanmar

ABSTRACT

Background: Species density along elevation gradients often shows hump-shaped patterns, but in-depth data for Myanmar is still not available.

Aim: The first plot-based study to detect the elevational patterns of life forms and tree leaf traits, and their relation to environmental factors in Myanmar.

Methods: All seed plant species were recorded on 76 plots between 400 and 4100 m. Regression models were used to identify the variables with highest predictive power for species densities of different life forms and leaf traits.

Results: Species density showed a linear elevational decline except for grasses (increase) and epiphytes (hump-shaped pattern) and were related to temperature and precipitation in all considered life forms. Tree leaf size, the proportion of species with simple leaves and leaves with drip tips decreased with elevation, while the proportion of toothed leaves increased.

Conclusions: Our data partly confirm some widely held assumptions about elevation patterns in species density and leaf traits. While the climatic dependence behaves as expected, leaf traits and lifeforms show mixed and sometimes surprising patterns. Previous knowledge of these patterns is partly confirming, but highly scattered regionally, so our study performed in one region offers a rare opportunity towards a natural history image of a biodiversity hotspot..

KEYWORDS:

• Climatic drivers
• leaf traits
• life forms
• myanmar
• species density
• seed plants

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful for the cooperation of Dr Nyi Nyi Kyaw, Win Naing Thaw, Dr Naing Zaw Htun, Myint Kyaw, Law Shein and staff members of the Forest Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Supplemental data

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Additional information

Funding

Field work was supported through grants of the German Research Council (DFG) and a scholarship financed by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) and the Marburg University Research Academy (MARA).

Notes on contributors

Jürgen Kluge

This study was a combined effort of a research group with an interest in flora and vegetation, as well as elevational diversity patterns and their environmental dependencies in mountain regions of different floristic realms.

Pauline Nowak, Georg Miehe, and Phyo Kai Kine’s research interests lie in the Palaeotropical high mountain areas, especially China and adjacent regions.

Jürgen Homeier and Jürgen Kluge’s main research interest lie in the Neotropics.

Christoph Leuschner’s research focuses on ecology and ecophysiology of temperate and tropical forest, as well as conservation, especially in Central Europe.