https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2264-992X
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ABSTRACT
Built heritage plays an important role in making history visible in New Zealand’s cities. However, ensuring that historic heritage can withstand future challenges such as climate change and seismic resilience is key to ensure its preservation, as the country has had countless examples of lost heritage due to earthquakes, fire, lack of maintenance and decay resulting from inadequate indoor environmental conditions. New regulations came into force in 2017 for earthquake-prone buildings, which set up timeframes for all buildings to achieve minimum structural standards. As a result, there are many seismic strengthening projects taking place, especially for Unreinforced Masonry (URM) buildings, identified as one of the most vulnerable construction types. However, the other future challenge for historic buildings will be to deal with climate change – ensuring buildings can withstand extreme conditions while maintaining comfortable indoor conditions, without demanding excessive energy input. So far, energy considerations have not been extensively included as parameters in retrofit projects, in existing policies or in practice. This contribution analyses current policies and practice for retrofitting historic buildings in New Zealand, aiming to understand the current barriers, challenges and possibilities for energy retrofitting historic buildings in the country as a combined strategy with seismic upgrading.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes
1. Roaf, Crichton, and Nicol, Adapting Buildings and Cities for Climate Change.
2. UNFCCC, “The Paris Agreement.”
3. Ministry for the Environment, “Understanding Our Emissions Reduction Targets.”
4. Ministry for the Environment, “Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Bill.”
5. See note 3 above.
6. Vickers and Fisher, “The Carbon Footprint.”
7. International Energy Agency, “Energy Efficiency.”
8. Lamberts, Dutra, and Pereira, Eficiência Energética Na Arquitetura.
9. Amitrano et al., “BEES Part 1.”
10. Vale, “Upgrading the Existing Stock.”
11. Ibid.
12. Howden-Chapman et al., “Warm Homes”; and O’Sullivan et al., “Cool?.”
13. Howden-Chapman et al., “Tackling Cold Housing and Fuel Poverty in New Zealand.”
14. New Zealand Government, Residential Tenancies (Smoke Alarms and Insulation) Regulations 2016; New Zealand Government, Healthy Homes Guarantee Act 2017.
15. BRANZ, “Insulation Options for Existing Homes.”
16. See note 13 above.
17. Iselin and Lemer, The Fourth Dimension in Building; Douglas, Building Adaptation; and ICOMOS New Zealand, ICOMOS New Zealand Charter.
18. Legnér and Leijonhufvud, “A Legacy of Energy Saving.”
19. Carbonara, “Energy Efficiency as a Protection Tool.”
20. Webb, “Energy Retrofits in Historic and Traditional Buildings.”
21. Troi and Bastian, Energy Efficiency Solutions for Historic Buildings, 10.
22. Boschi, “Seismic Vulnerability Historic Masonry.”
23. Spyrakos, “Seismic Design Heritage Structures.”
24. Instituto de Ciencia e Inovacao para a Bio-diversidade, “HeritageCare – Monitoring and Preventive Conservation.”
25. Arya et al., Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Construction.
26. PRECOM3OS, “Conference Preventive Conservation.”
27. Troi and Bastian, Energy Efficiency Solutions for Historic Buildings.
28. La Greca and Margani, “Seismic and Energy Renovation Measures.”’
29. Ibid., 14.
30. Calvi Souza and Ruggeri, “Energy Efficiency and Seismic Resilience”; and Pertile, De Stefani and Scotta, “System for the seismic and energy retrofit”.
31. Ibid.
32. Belpoliti et al., “La riqualificazione energetico-ambientale.”
33. Boarin and Davoli, “Preliminary Audit And Performance Improvement.”
34. Bournas, “Concurrent Seismic and Energy Retrofitting.”
35. Bertagni, Boarin and Zuppiroli, “The Dialogue between Structural Interventions.”
36. ICOMOS New Zealand, ICOMOS New Zealand Charter.
37. Ministry for the Environment, “New Zealand’s Cultural Heritage”; and Brown, Māori Architecture.
38. See note 36 above.
39. ICOMOS, “The Venice Charter 1964.”
40. McDonagh, Bowring, and Perkins, “The Consumption of Chaos.”
41. Hosagrahar et al., “Cultural Heritage.”
42. Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities.
43. United Nations, Transforming our world.
44. McEwan, “Heritage Issues.”
45. New Zealand Institute of Building Surveyors, “New Zealand’s Cultural Heritage Conservation.”
46. Ministry for the Environment, “New Zealand’s Cultural Heritage.”
47. Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, “Historic and Cultural Heritage Management.”
48. Wolfe, New Zealand’s Lost Heritage.
49. Ibid.
50. Schrader, “Theatres, Cinemas and Halls.”
51. Ibid.
52. Perrott, “Monumental Losses.”
53. Newshub, “Auckland’s Historic Palace Hotel Demolished”; and Heritage New Zealand, “Lost Heritage 2010–2015.”
54. Schrader, “Theatres, Cinemas and Halls.”
55. Newshub, “Auckland’s Historic Hotel Demolished.”
56. McSaveney, “Earthquakes.”
57. NZ History, “February 2011 Christchurch Earthquake.”
58. Royal Comission, “The Performance of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings.”
59. Senaldi, Magenes, and Ingham, “Damage Assessment of Unreinforced Stone Masonry Buildings.”
60. Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Comission, “Performance of URM Buildings”.
61. MBIE, “EPB Register”.
62. See note 56 above.
63. Ibid.
64. Ministry of Business Innovation & Employment, Building (Earthquake-prone Buildings) Amendment Act.
65. La Greca and Margani, “Seismic and Energy Renovation Measures,” 1.
66. Bertagni, Boarin, and Zuppiroli, “The Dialogue between Structural Interventions and Sustainability Criteria.”
67. Russell and Ingham, “Prevalence of New Zealand’s Unreinforced Masonry Buildings.”
68. Quality Planning, “Historic Heritage.”
69. New Zealand Government, Resource Management Act 1991.
70. See note 44 above.
71. Ibid.
72. New Zealand Government, Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act.
73. See note 68 above.
74. See note 36 above.
75. See note 44 above.
76. Gregory and Stoltz, “The Uneasy Relationship between the RMA and the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act.”
77. Ministry of Business Innovation & Employment, “H1 Energy Efficiency | Building Performance.”
78. Warnock, “Bringing Existing Buildings into the Sustainability Equation.”
79. BRANZ, “Code Compliance for Partial Renovations.”
80. McClean, Sustainable Management of Historic Heritage. Guide No. 6 Building Act 2004.
81. New Zealand Historic Places Trust Pouhere Taonga, “Sustainable Management of Historic Heritage Guidance.”
82. New Zealand Historic Places Trust Pouhere Taonga.
83. New Zealand Government, Residential Tenancies (Smoke Alarms and Insulation) Regulations 2016.
84. Callau, “Upgrading Housing.”
85. See note 64 above.
86. MBIE, “Register of Earthquake-Prone Buildings.”
87. See note 64 above.
88. Ministry for Culture and Heritage, “Heritage EQUIP: Earthquake Upgrade Incentive Programme.”
89. Vallis et al., “Classical Temples and Industrial Stores.”
90. Henrich and Mcclure, “The Heritage Problem.”
91. Russell and Ingham, “Prevalence of New Zealand’s Unreinforced Masonry Buildings”; and Blaikie and Spurr, “Earthquake Vulnerability.”
92. McSaveney, “Historic Earthquakes”
93. Nahkies, “Seismic Retrofitting.”
94. Auckland Council, Auckland Unitary Plan: D17. Historic Heritage Overlay.
95. Auckland Council.
96. Wellington City Council, Wellington City District Plan.
97. Wellington City Council.
98. Dunedin City Council, A Heritage Strategy for Dunedin City.
99. Besen and Boarin, “The Future of Historic Buildings.”
100. Leardini, Manfredini, and Callau, “Energy Upgrade to Passive House Standard.”
101. Byrd and Matthewman, “Warm Up New Zealand.”
102. Gronert, “Sustainable Thermal Retrofit of the New Zealand 1930’s.”
103. Leardini, Manfredini, and Callau, “Energy Upgrade to Passive House Standard”; and Manfredini and Leardini, “Existing Stock for the Future.”
104. Leardini and Manfredini, “Modern Housing Retrofit.”
105. Smith et al., “Thermal Performance of Secondary Glazing.”
106. See note 79 above.
107. Beacon Pathway, “What Is the HomeSmart Renovation Project?”
108. Housing New Zealand, “Thermal Upgrade for Homes in the Hutt”; Nightingale, “Housing New Zealand Thermally Upgrading State Houses.”
109. New Zealand Green Building Council, “Greenstar Technical Manual v3.1”.
110. New Zealand Green Building Council, “Green Star – Performance NZ.”
111. New Zealand Green Building Council, “HomeFit.”
112. EECA, “About NABERSNZ.”
113. Passive House Institute, Criteria for the Passive House.
114. Construction News, “Heritage No Barrier to Energy Efficiency.”
115. McDonald, “Another Christchurch Arts.”
116. The Arts Centre, “Sustainability and Strength Key.”
117. New Zealand Government, Residential Tenancies (Smoke Alarms and Insulation) Regulations 2016.
118. See note 20 above.
119. Parliamentary Library, “Leaky Buildings.”
120. Filippova, Rehm, and Dibble, “Office Market Response.”
121. Calvi, Sousa, and Ruggeri, “Energy Efficiency and Seismic Resilience.”
122. Ibid.
123. La Greca and Margani, “Seismic and Energy Renovation Measures for Sustainable Cities,” 14.
124. See note 56 above.
125. See note 13 above.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Priscila Besen
Priscila Besen is a PhD candidate in the School of Architecture and Planning at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. She holds a Bachelor of Architecture and Urbanism from Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil, with an exchange year at Parsons the New School for Design in the USA, and a Master of Architecture in Sustainable Design from the University of Auckland. She is a certified Passivhaus Designer, has a background in thermal comfort and energy efficiency research and practice, and currently develops research about energy retrofit of historic buildings in New Zealand. Her research also includes assessing the level of sustainability in buildings and communities through post-occupancy evaluation, and investigations on optimising the energy performance of residential buildings. In addition, she is a teaching assistant for environmental design courses and a member of the Future Cities Research Hub at the University of Auckland.
Paola Boarin
Dr. Paola Boarin graduated with a Master of Science in Architecture from the Department of Architecture of the University of Ferrara, Italy, where she received also a PhD in Architectural Technology. Paola joined the University of Auckland in 2015, where she is Senior Lecturer of Architectural Technology, the Architecture Technology and Sustainability Stream Leader and the co-founder and co-director of the Future Cities Research Hub. Prior to her appointment at the University of Auckland, Paola collaborated with the University of Ferrara, Italy, as Adjunct Professor of Architectural Technology and Environmental Design and as Research Fellow. There, she was also a member of the Architettura Energia Research Centre, a research hub focussing on building sustainability and performance, where she played a key role in its establishment and development. Paola has been collaborating with the Green Building Council of Italy since 2011 by leading the development of sustainability rating systems as Chair of the Technical Advisory Group ‘Historic Building’ resulting in the development and publication of GBC Historic Building®, the first and only rating tool assessing the level of sustainability of conservation-related interventions on historic and heritage buildings. Her research addresses the links between architecture, technology and environment, with a focus on the sustainable conservation, adaptation and retrofit of existing and heritage buildings, regenerative design and post-occupancy evaluation of buildings and the wider neighbourhood scale. She has extensively worked on the sustainable adaptation and energy retrofit of existing and heritage buildings, on the sustainable regeneration of historic villages and on the development of environmental sustainability assessment tools.
Errol Haarhoff
Prof. Errol Haarhoff is a Professor of Architecture in the School of Architecture and Planning at the University of Auckland, has qualifications in architecture and urban design, and a PhD in urban planning, and Co-Director of the University of Auckland Urban Research Network. He has twice served as Head of School and as Associate Dean (Research), and for over a decade has been responsible for the Master of Urban Design programme, and teaching urban design theory and the urban design studios. Research interest has embraced modern architecture and urban histories, with the publication of an early Guide to the Architecture of Central Auckland. Current research concerns urban design, and has involved a comparative study of urban growth management and urban design outcomes in Vancouver, Portland, Auckland and the large Australia cities, and led a large funded project concerned with urban intensification in Auckland. He is currently a lead researcher on a National Science Challenge, Building Better Homes, Towns and Cities, and the Principal Research on a $2.5m strategic research area, Shaping Places: Future Neighbourhoods.