https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-6888
![Sample our Humanities journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5939/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Humanities.jpg"})
ABSTRACT
Conserving and sustaining heritage buildings for future generations is a challenging issue. Hence, this study seeks an alternative means of identifying appropriate new functions for heritage buildings with rich historical layers, through a developed ‘Reuse Projection Framework’. The framework has been developed through a variety of research methodologies to determine appropriate functions for architectural monuments in general and Othello’s Citadel in the Walled-City of Famagusta in particular. The first step of the Framework covers analytical and practical research based on a literature survey and in-situ observation. Next, it explores architectural and historical features to identify those architectural layers and alterations over time. Lastly, it examines the heritage values of the monument to assess its significance. In light of the first step, possible options for re-use within sustainable tourism scenarios are defined. In the second step of the proposed framework stakeholder opinions of new functions, are investigated through quantitative methods based on a questionnaire survey. The survey was conducted with the local community and cultural tourists as potential end users of re-use functions, as well as heritage experts from governmental and non-governmental bodies. The comparative results obtained from different stakeholders are interpreted to make suggestions for appropriate functions for future.
Acknowledgments
The authors’ sincere thanks go to Mr. Takis Hadzidemetriou and Mr. Ali Tuncay, the two Chairmen of the TCCH of Cyprus, for distributing questionnaires to both Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot members of the committee, by the endorsement of UNDP-PFF Programme Manager Tiziana Zennaro. The conservation experts from TCCH, EMU, Department of Antiquities and Museums, and Tecnalia are highly appreciated for their contributions in filling out the questionnaires. Additionally, the authors’ appreciation goes to EMU-DAKMAR Director Assist. Prof. Dr. Bülent Kızılduman and Mohammad Haghigi, for the technical support they have provided in aerial photography.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes
1. Feilden, Conservation of Historic Buildings; Orbaşlı, Architectural Conservation; and Bullen, and Love, ‘Adaptive Reuse of Historic Heritage Buildings,’ 411–421.
2. Hackney, ‘Foreword,’ iv.
3. Wilkinson and Langston, Sustainable Building Adaptation.
4. Van Uffelen, Re-use Architecture, 11.
5. Philokyprou and Limbouri-Kozakou, ‘Restoration of Monuments and Listed Buildings in Cyprus,’ 267–277.
6. Havadis, ‘Mağusa İnisiyatifi’nden Sağduyu Çağrısı.’; and BRTK, ‘Serbest Liman’daki Taş Ocağı.’
7. UNDP-PFF, ‘Support to Cultural Heritage Monuments.’
8. Orbaşlı, ‘Is Tourism Governing Conservation,’ 7–19; Daher, Tourism in the Middle East; and UNWTO. ‘Sustainable Development of Tourism.’
9. Creaco and Querini, ‘The Role of Tourism,’ 1–17; Cope, ‘Sustainable Development,’ 53–69; Johnson and Thomas. ‘Heritage as Business,’ 170–190; Van der Borg, Costa, and Gotti, ‘Tourism in European Heritage Cities,’ 306–321; and Garrod and Fyall, ‘Managing Heritage Tourism,’ 682–708.
10. Echeverria, ‘Preservation through Tourism,’ 51–58; ICOMOS, Cultural Tourism Charter; Bramwell, ‘Policy Context for Tourism and Sustainability,’ 32–47; Altınay and Hussain. ‘Sustainable Tourism Development,’ 272–280; UNWTO. ‘Sustainable Development of Tourism’; and Jamal and Camargo, ‘Sustainable Tourism, Justice and Ethic,’ 11–30.
11. De Kadt, Tourism.
12. Jamal and Camargo, ‘Sustainable Tourism, Justice and Ethic,’ 11–30.
13. ICOMOS, Cultural Tourism Charter; McCain and Ray. ‘Legacy Tourism,’ 713–717; and European Commission, ‘Cultural Tourism.’
14. ICOMOS, Cultural Tourism Charter; Richards, Cultural Tourism in Europe; Richards, Cultural Attractions; and Richards, Cultural Tourism: Global and Local Perspectives.
15. Garrod and Fyall, ‘Managing Heritage Tourism,’ 682–708.
16. Aas, Ladkin and Fletcher. ‘Stakeholder Collaboration,’ 28–48.
17. Krippendorf, ‘Towards New Tourism Policies,’ 135–148; and Goodwin, Responsible Tourism.
18. Hitchcock, Cultural, Economic and Environmental Impacts of Tourism, 93–128; and Creaco and Querini, ‘The Role of Tourism,’ 1–17.
19. Newby, ‘Tourism: Support or Threat to Heritage,’ Section 11; and Atun, Nafa, and Türker, ‘Context-Dependent Tourism,’ 1715–1744.
20. Warner, ‘North Cyprus: Tourism,’ 128–145.
21. Sadler, ‘Sustainable Tourism Planning,’ 134.
22. Atun, Nafa, and Türker, ‘Context-Dependent Tourism,’ 1715–1744.
23. Cyprus is a presidential republic. The president is both head of state and government. Despite joining the EU as a de facto divided island, the whole of Cyprus is EU territory. Turkish Cypriots who have, or are eligible for, EU travel documents are EU citizens. EU law is suspended in areas where the Cypriot government (Government of the Republic) does not exercise effective control. Cyprus has two official languages: Greek and Turkish; only Greek is an official EU language. https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries/member-countries/cyprus_en accessed 2/1/20.
24. Altınay and Hussain. ‘Sustainable Tourism Development,’ 272–280.
25. Starkweather, ‘Endangered Site.’
26. Adapted from map prepared for UNDP, Brochure.
27. Kincaid. Adapting Buildings.
28. Aydın, ‘Assessing Model for Reuse Adaptation,’ 1–8.
29. Aydın, ‘Assessing Model for Reuse Adaptation,’ 1–8; Elsorady, ‘Compatibility of New Uses for Heritage Buildings,’ 511–521; Wilkinson and Langston, Sustainable Building Adaptation.
30. See note 22 above.
31. ICOMOS, Cultural Tourism Charter.
32. Mısırlısoy and Günçe. ‘Adaptive Reuse Strategies,’ 91–98.
33. Morrison and Waterson. Rescue and Reuse, 11.
34. Morrison and Waterson. Rescue and Reuse.
35. Burns and Novelli. Tourism Development; and Iorio and Corsale, ‘Community-Based Tourism and Networking,’ 234–255.
36. Worthing and Bond, Managing Built Heritage; Aydın, ‘Assessing Model for Reuse Adaptation,’ 1–8. Yıldırım, ‘Assessment of the Decision-Making Process,’ 379–388; Wilkinson and Langston, Sustainable Building Adaptation; and Joudifar and Türker, ‘Reuse Potentials of Two Monuments,’ 214–15.
37. UNESCO, Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage; ICOMOS, Burra Charter; Murtagh, Keeping time; and ICOMOS, Cultural Tourism Charter.
38. Elsorady, ‘Compatibility of New Uses for Heritage Buildings,’ 511–521.
39. Mason, ‘Assessing Values,’ 5–30; Park, ‘Respecting Significance,’ 13–21; and Herrera, and Muñoz, ‘Alternative Conservation Methodologies,’ 250–256.
40. Macnaghten and Jacobs, ‘Public Identification with Sustainable Development’, 5–24; Oviedo-Garcia, Castellanos-Verdugo and Martin-Ruiz, ‘Gaining Residents’ Support,’ 95–109; Den, ‘Community Empowerment,’ 258–274.
41. Developed from Joudifar, ‘Reuse Potentials of Three Monuments,’ 83.
42. Park, ‘Respecting Significance,’ 13–21.
43. Fredheim and Khalaf, ‘Significance of Values,’ 466–481.
44. Harrison, Heritage; and Zetterstrom-Sharp, ‘Heritage as Future-making,’ 609–627.
45. Herrera, and Muñoz, ‘Alternative Conservation Methodologies,’ 250–256.
46. See note 38 above.
47. Morrison and Waterson. Rescue and Reuse, 5.
48. See note 38 above.
49. See note 45 above.
50. Riegl, ‘The Modern Cult of Monuments,’ 20–51; ICOMOS, Burra Charter; ICOMOS, Cultural Tourism Charter; Lipe, ‘Value and Meaning,’ 1–11; Feilden, Conservation of Historic Buildings; Frey, ‘Evaluation of Cultural Heritage,’ 31–49; Taylor, ‘Reconciling Aesthetic Value and Social Value,’ 51–55; Throsby, Economics and Culture; Mason, ‘Assessing Values,’ 5–30; Douglas, Building Adaptation; Appelbaum, Conservation Treatment Methodology; Jokilehto, History of Architectural Conservation; Stubbs, Time Honored; Robles, ‘A Methodological Approach towards Conservation,’ 146–169; Lertcharnrit, ‘Heritage Values and Meanings,’ 279–285; and Herrera, and Muñoz, ‘Alternative Conservation Methodologies,’ 250–256.
51. See note 43 above.
52. Poulios, ‘Moving Beyond a Values-Based Approach,’ 170–185; and Poulios, ‘Is Every Heritage Site a “Living” One?’ 144–156.
53. Walter, ‘From values to narrative,’ 634–650.
54. Den, ‘Community Empowerment,’ 258–274.
55. ICOMOS, Burra Charter.
56. ICOMOS, Cultural Tourism Charter; and Den, ‘Community Empowerment,’ 258–274.
57. Aas, Ladkin and Fletcher. ‘Stakeholder Collaboration,’ 28–48; andTaha, ‘Still a Place to Call Home?’ 17–35.
58. Déom and Thiffault. ‘New Definition of Heritage,’ 73.
59. Staiff, Re-Imagining Heritage Interpretation, cited in Park, ‘Respecting Significance,’ 13–21.
60. Harvey, ‘Heritage Pasts and Heritage Presents,’ 319–338.
61. Poulios, ‘Is Every Heritage Site a’Living’One?’ 153.
62. Su and Wall, ‘Exploring the Shared Use,’ 591–601.
63. Daher, Tourism in the Middle East.
64. Den, ‘Community Empowerment,’ 264.
65. See note 54 above.
66. Walsh, ‘Othello,’ 464.
67. See note 7 above.
68. UNDP, ‘Technical Committee.’
69. Eppich and García Grinda, ‘Cervantes and Shakespeare’, 395–401.
70. Dreghorn, Famagusta and Salamis; and MASDER, ‘The Citadel.’
71. Long, ‘Notes from a Traveller’s Log-Book,’ 428.
72. Walsh, Coureas and Edbury, Medieval and Renaissance Famagusta.
73. Hill, History of Cyprus.
74. Ibid.
75. Perbellini, ‘The Fortified City of Famagusta,’ 30–59.
76. Ibid.59.
77. Newman, Short History of Cyprus.
78. Dreghorn, Famagusta and Salamis.
79. Luke, Cyprus under the Turks.
80. Walsh, ‘The Port of Famagusta,’ 115–129.
81. See note 79 above.
82. Istel and Baker, ‘The “Othello” of Verdi and Shakespeare,’ 375–386.
83. See note 78 above.
84. Jeffery, A Description of the Historic Monuments of Cyprus.
85. Luke, Cyprus: A Portrait.
86. Mariti, Travels in the Island; Uluca and Akın, ‘Gazimağusa Limanı,’ 62–73.
87. Jeffery, Ancient Monuments.
88. Tozan, ‘Transformation of Walled City,’ 121–128.
89. Hamilton, ‘Old Famagusta,’ 238.
90. Hoffmeister, Legal aspects of the Cyprus Problem.
91. Bryant and Papadakis, Cyprus and Politics of Memory.
92. Doratlı, ‘Fortified City of Famagusta,’ 60–93.
93. Silman and Severson, ‘Assessment of Conditions in the Walled City,’ 57–70.
94. Luedke, ‘The Fate of Famagusta.’
95. Aerial Photo: Özlem Olgaç Türker, 2017.
96. Jeffery, A Description of the Historic Monuments of Cyprus, 104.
97. Department of Antiquities, ‘Walled Ammochostos.’
98. Ibid.
99. See note 66 above.
100. See note 97 above.
101. Photo: Özlem Olgaç Türker, 2015.
102. Efthimiou, Greeks and Latins on Cyprus.
103. Yıldız, ‘Reflections of National Identities,’ 159–210.
104. Lucchese, ‘A Latin Look at Famagusta,’ 27–46; and NCDAMD. ‘Othello’s Tower.’
105. ICOMOS, Venice Charter, Article 7; and ICOMOS Charter. Principles 1.6, 2.5, 3.12, 3.14, and 3.16.
106. Venice Charter: Article 2.
107. Venice Charter: Article 9; ICOMOS Charter: Principles 1.2, 1.3, 3.5, 3.7, and 3.18.
108. Venice Charter: Article 5.
109. Taha, ‘Still a Place to Call Home?’ 17–35.
110. Önkal, the engineer representative at UNDP-PFF-Cyprus also supports the view that the proposed function for the Citadel is envisioned as a gathering point. pers comm April 27th, 2016.
111. Ormsby, ‘Shakespearean Tourism,’ Chapter 24.
112. Lanier, ‘Shakespeare and Cultural Studies,’ 228–248; and Levenson and Ormsby, ‘Introduction,’ 1–18.
113. Ormsby, ‘Shakespearean Tourism,’ Chapter 24; and Levenson and Ormsby, ‘Introduction,’ 1–18.
114. Ibid.18.
115. Northern Cyprus Department of Antiquities and Museums Directorate -the central governmental authority on conservation decisions of northern Cyprus.
116. Eastern Mediterranean University -the only university in Famagusta housing Faculty of Architecture and DAKMAR research centre with experts from the related field.
117. UNDP-PFF Project No: CYP/04/Q02-37335.
118. Foundation Tecnalia Research and Innovation, Spain -subcontractor of UNDP-PFF- who have designed the conservation project of the Othello’s Citadel.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Farnaz Joudifar
Farnaz Joudifar has accomplished B.Sc. in Industrial Engineering at Faculty of Engineering, Shomal Amol University, Iran, 2005, M.Sc. in Department of Interior Architecture at Faculty of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus. Her research interests are adaptive reuse, historical environments and cultural tourism.
Özlem Olgaç Türker
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özlem Olgaç Türker has accomplished B.Arch. in Department of Architecture, at Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University; M.F.A.in Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design at Faculty of Fine Arts, Hacettepe University, Turkey; and PhD in Department of Architecture at Faculty of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus. Her research interests are adaptive reuse, flexibility, cultural tourism, vernacular architecture. She has administrative experience as Department Chair of Interior Architecture and as Vice-Dean of Faculty of Architecture at Eastern Mediterranean University.