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Abstract
The engineering achievements and milestones in the application, repair, design and manufacture of electric motors in São Paulo from 1900 until 1950 are described in the economic and technological contexts of the time. The application of electric motors in the State of São Paulo began at the same time as its industrialization, which was driven by the reinvestment of capital accumulated from coffee exports and manufacturing activities, most notably in the textile industry. Both railways and electricity utilities were a source of training for skilled labour, and an outstanding school of engineering was founded to support industrialization. Immigrants established the first motor repair shops. With the import restrictions imposed by WWII some of them became manufacturers, often in association with either equipment manufacturers or importers seeking local suppliers. A lack of materials and parts, which were previously imported, demanded ingenuity from the new manufacturers in order to develop viable alternatives and modify design criteria. These processes were supported by the Polytechnic School and its associated Institute of Electrotechnics.
Acknowledgements
Figures 1, 4, and 5 were provided by the Polytechnic School (Central Library collection); Figure 2 by Casa da Bóia (Mario Rizkallah); Figures 6 and 7 by Fundação Energia e Saneamento. Warm thanks go to the senior engineers and managers who agreed to be interviewed and kindly shared recollections from the beginning of their careers and memories of their acquaintance with pioneers of the electric motor industry in Brazil. Great support was received from the Librarians and staff of the Escola Politecnica da Universidade de São Paulo (Central Library), Instituto de Energia e Ambiente (formerly Instituto de Eletrotecnica) and Fundação Energia e Saneamento. The author is indebted to Professors J.R. Cardoso (Dean, 2011–2014), J.J. Cruz and C.C. Moraes, all from the Escola Politecnica, for opening many doors to obtain relevant information.
Notes
1. In this paper ‘electric motors’ is often used meaning ‘induction motors for industrial use’, in some cases ‘rotating electrical machines’; wherever necessary the specific type of machine (dynamo, DC motor, synchronous, induction slip-ring or squirrel-cage, etc.) being considered is stated.
2. O. S. Lobosco and J. L. P. C. Dias, ‘Aspectos da Evolução do Mercado de Motores Elétricos no Brasil’, in Proceedings of the IInd International Seminar on Electric Motors and Adjustable Drives (São Paulo: EPUSP/ABINEE, 1991), pp. 9–40. This paper presents an econometric model for the production of induction motors in Brazil, using as variables the Country GDP and Gross Fixed Capital formation.
3. The City of São Paulo is the capital of the State of São Paulo; in this paper, ‘São Paulo’ refers to the State of São Paulo, and ‘the City of São Paulo’ to its Capital. The City of Rio de Janeiro was until 1960 the capital of Brazil (the ‘Distrito Federal’), and now replaces the City of Niteroi as capital of the State of Rio de Janeiro.
4. The Economist, Pocket World in Figures (London, 2008 edition); Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Sistema de Contas Nacionais Referência 2000 (IBGE/SCN 2000 Anual) http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2005_2009/defaulttab_zip.shtm. Figures are typical for 2002–2010.
5. B. Fausto, A Concise History of Brazil (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1999, 8th printing, 2006, 362 pp.), pp. 173–4; S. T. N. Lamarão, ‘A Energia Elétrica e o Parque Industrial Carioca 1880–1920,’ in International Symposium Globalización, Innovación y Construcción de Redes Técnicas in Américas y Europa, 1890–1930 (Barcelona: Universidad de Barcelona, January 23–26, 2012), pp. 15, 21–3; http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/Simposio/cLamarao_%20Aenergia.pdf.
6. Coffee statistics http://www.ipeadata.gov.br/.
7. The UK Retail Price Index was used to calculate present values in this paper http://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ppoweruk/result.php?use%5B%5D=CPI&use%5B%5D=NOMINALEARN&year_early=1905£71=1&shilling71=2&pence71=3&amount=1.1125&year_source=1905&year_result=2012. That leads to similar results to those obtained using the data from Inflation – The Value of the Pound 1750–2002, Research Paper 03/82, House of Commons, London, 11 November 2003, http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/RP03-82.
8. W. Dean, A Industrialização de São Paulo, 3rd edn (São Paulo: DIFEL, 1977), p. 93 – translation of the Latin American Monograph Industrialization of Sao Paulo, 1880–1945 (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1970, 263 pp.).
9. M. C. Tavares, Auge e Declínio do Processo de Substituição de Importações no Brasil – Da Substituição de Importações ao Capitalismo Financeiro (São Paulo: Zahar, 1972), passim.
10. Dean, pp. 36–40.
11. Fausto, pp. 146–7, 176; E. Carone, A Evolução Industrial de São Paulo, 1889–1930 (São Paulo: Editora SENAC, 2001), p. 26.
12. ‘paulista’ refers to the State of São Paulo, ‘paulistano’ to the City of São Paulo.
13. M. A. Zimmermann, O PRP e os fazendeiros do café (Campinas: Editora UNICAMP, 1986), passim. From the 133 signatories of the foundation of the PRP, 78 were owners of coffee plantations.
14. Fausto, pp. 133–57.
15. Carone, pp. 79–80.
16. Dean, p. 49; in the period from 1887 to 1930, 54% of immigrants to Brazil came to the State of São Paulo. Italians were 35.5% of all immigrants; Portuguese were 29.0% and Spaniards, 14.6%. Of the remaining 20% some were important for their cultural impact, for example, the Lebanese and Japanese. In 1920 87.3% of the Japanese immigrants in Brazil lived in the State of São Paulo, 78% of the Spaniards and 71.4% of the Italians, the latter constituting 9% of the entire population of that State, Fausto, p. 167.
17. Fausto, p. 131. An analysis of the presence of immigrants in the industry of São Paulo is found in Carone, pp. 78–9.
18. Carone, pp. 79–80.
19. The influence of import duties in this process goes beyond the scope of this paper.
20. Of the sixteen largest industrialists in São Paulo in 1900–1930, seven were born in Italy, five in Brazil (one of whom, Jorge Street, had British parents) and one each in Portugal, Germany, Britain and Lebanon, Carone, pp. 129–89. See also Dean, Chapter IV.
21. P. C. da Silva Telles, ‘A History of Engineering Education in Brazil,’ IEEE Communications Magazine, November 1992, pp. 66–71.
22. The ‘American School of São Paulo’ – ‘Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute’ at the time of the creation of the Engineering School – was established with a generous endowment from the New York lawyer and millionaire John Theron Mackenzie, no relation either to Alexander Mackenzie or William Mackenzie, members of the founding group and Presidents in different periods of The São Paulo Traction, Light and Power Co., the electric utility of the City of São Paulo from 1899 onwards. Site, Instituto Presbiteriano Mackenzie; http://www.mackenzie.br/historico1.html; also http://www.mackenzie.br/10291.html.
23. da Silva Telles.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.; J. L. Aidar, R. Cytrynowics and J. Zuquim, Politécnica 100 Anos (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Expressão e Cultura, 1993), pp. 12–4.
26. Aidar et al., p. 15; M. C. Loschiavo dos Santos, Escola Politécnica 1894–1984 (São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, 1985), pp. 49–64; site of the Polytechnic School http://www3.poli.usp.br/a-poli/historia/galeria-de-diretores/196-prof-dr-antonio-francisco-de-paula-souza.html; nowadays the Polytechnic School is part of the University of São Paulo; it occupies 150,000 m², its 15 Departments offering 17 different five-year undergraduate engineering courses to 4500 students and eleven graduate courses to 2500 students. Its faculty comprises approximately 500 members, 90% of them holding a PhD, publishing on average five technical or scientific papers per faculty member per year. See: http://www3.poli.usp.br/.
27. M. C. Gordinho, W. C. Brant and M. F. Garcia, Liceu de Artes e Ofícios de São Paulo (São Paulo: Marca d’Água, 2000), pp. 26–9; also site of Polytechnic School http://www3.poli.usp.br/a-poli/historia/galeria-de-diretores/200-prof-dr-francisco-de-paula-ramos-de-azevedo-.html.
28. dos Santos, p. 174; Universidade de Campinas’ http://segall.ifch.unicamp.br/site_ael/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=182:roberto-mange&catid=47:fundos-e-colecoes; Senai’s site http://www.senai.br/br/institucional/snai_red.aspx.
29. da Silva Telles, p. 69.
30. E. De Fiore and O. De Fiore, The British in Brazil (São Paulo: Editora Pau Brasil/Lloyds Bank, 1987), pp. 118–9.
31. The population of the City of São Paulo grew from 31,385 inhabitants in 1872 to 64,934 in 1900; in 1910 there were 239,840 people in the Capital (a compounded annual growth rate of 14.1% in the decade), 579,033 in 1920 and 1,326,261 in 1940 http://sempla.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/historico/tabelas.php.
32. Carone, pp. 27–30.
33. Fausto, p. 171.
34. Ibid., p. 174.
35. W. Dean, ‘A Fábrica São Luiz de Itu: Um Estudo de Arqueologia Industrial,’ Anais de História, Dept. de História, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Assis, 8 (1976), 9–29, mainly pp. 22–3.
36. Ibid., p. 27; H. C. Lorenzo, A Interiorização do Desenvolvimento Economico do Estado de São Paulo, documento 7: O Setor de Energia Elétrica no Estado de São Paulo 1900–1980 (report for the Secretaria de Economia e Planejamento do Estado de São Paulo) (São Paulo: Fundação Economia de Campinas, 2007), pp. 22–8; A. Morrison, The Tramways of Brazil (New York: Bonde Press, 1989), p. 18; facsimile edition accessed in http://www.tramz.com/ttob/002.html; also Lorenzo, p. 24.
37. In this paper power generation figures are presented in W, VA, CV or HP (and their multiples) following the units used in the respective source. On adding power figures presented in different units the result is presented in Watts (or its multiples), using 1 Hp = 746 W, 1 CV = 736 W, and 1 W = 1 VA; Lorenzo, pp. 25–6.
38. Brazilian Census of 1920 – Recenseamento do Brazil de 1920 (Rio de Janeiro: Ministério da Agricultura, Industria e Commercio, Directoria Geral de Estatística, 1927), Vol. V, 1st Part, p. LXXXIX (Table 63) and XC (Table 64); available at http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv6478.pdf; http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv14642_1.pdf (Vol. I) and http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv14642_2.pdf (Vol. II).
39. Brazilian Census of 1920, cited, Tables 68–70, pp. XCIV–XCVIII.
40. M. D. Marson, Origens e Evolução da Indústria de Máquinas e Equipamentos em São Paulo, 1870–1960 (PhD thesis, UNICAMP, 2012), pp. 105–9; http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12140/tde-19062012-185159/pt-br.php; F. P. Loureiro, Nos Fios de Uma Trama Esquecida:a industria têxtil paulista nas décadas pós-depressão 1929–1950 (Master’s dissertation, USP, 2006), passim; http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-11072007-102513/pt-br.php.
41. D. McDowall, The Light (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988), passim; further references in this paper consider the translation into Portuguese: A Light (Rio de Janeiro: EDIOURO, 2008).
42. E. E. Souza, História da Light – Primeiros 50 Anos, 2nd edn (São Paulo: ELETROPAULO, 1989), p. 34.
43. Ibid., pp. 62–83, 86–90, 102–18; F. E. Fonseca Telles, ‘Quadro Relativo as Centraes de Força e Luz do Estado de São Paulo,’ Boletim do Instituto de Engenharia de São Paulo, IV (1923), 19, Annex after p. 244.
44. M. L. Souza, Energia da Light a Eletropaulo (São Paulo: Letras e Margem, 2002), p. 111.
45. TSPTL&P Annual Report, 1930, Annex: Report on Subsidiary Companies; Morrison, pp. 21–2; McDowall, Chapter 5.
46. It is worthwhile mentioning Francisco de Fonseca Telles, first Professor of Electrotechnics in the Polytechnic School and its Dean (1934–1936), Edgar Egydio de Souza, first Brazilian-born TSPTL&P President, and Carlos Augusto de Souza Shalders, Technical Director of TSPTL&P and Dean of the Polytechnic School (1931–1933).
47. The Annual Reports (AR) were internal documents, written in English, submitted by the TSPTL&P’s General Manager to the President of the Company. The carbon, mimeograph or heliographic copies of the ARs are in the Fundação Energia e Saneamento, Núcleo de Documentação e Pesquisa, which is in charge of the archives of TSPTL&P (among other São Paulo’s public services utilities). The ‘Núcleo’ is located in one of the original buildings of TSPTL&P’s Cambucy works, built in 1913. The ARs for 1901, 1903–1905, and 1926 are missing; the AR for a given year usually contains data for the four to five previous years. The AR 1902, the only addressed to the shareholders in Toronto and printed in glossy paper, contains many information on the economy of São Paulo, being likely that it has been used for raising additional capital for TSPTL&P.
48. Morrison, pp. 19–20.
49. C. H. Lemos, O Processo Sociotécnico de Eletrificação na Amazonia (Rio de Janeiro: PhD thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/IPPUR, 2007), pp. 158–9; http://www.observabarragem.ippur.ufrj.br/publicacoes.
50. This was also observed earlier by the late W.R. Ferreira, the author’s predecessor as Application Manager (Motors) at GE Brasil and for many years in the 1950s Manager of GE’s Northeast Branch (Recife), as described to the author in many lengthy discussions in the late 1970s.
51. G. Magalhães, Força e Luz (São Paulo: UNESP/FAPESP, 2000), pp. 101–19. Examples of advertisements in both ‘Revistas’ until 1927 are presented.
52. E. E. Souza, p. 32.
53. James Mitchell, born in Boston in 1866, was sent to Rio de Janeiro in 1890 as GE agent. He established his own importing company in 1899, retaining the GE’s franchise; he held important positions in the tramway and energy companies in Rio de Janeiro, Salvador and Manaus. He returned in 1910 to the US, founding the Alabama Power Co. and being its President until his death in 1920; the Mitchell Dam in the Coosa River, near Montgomery, was named after him – Morrison, p. 23; McDowall, p. 54 (that sets Mitchell’s arrival in Brazil in 1893); D. Taft and S. Heys, Big Bets (Atlanta, GA: Southern Company, 2011), pp. 6–8, 37, http://southerncompany.com/history-book/home.cshtml.
54. T. Geiger, The General Electric Company in Brazil (Washington, DC: National Planning Association, 1961), p. 37.
55. This customer – Casa da Boia – was established in 1898 for the manufacture and commerce of copper and brass products (tubes, valves, faucets, hydraulic connections, chandeliers, boilers, etc.). Casa da Boia still trades at its original premises, the manufacturing discontinued decades ago. The contract (Figure ) was obtained there; the DC generator (100 V, 6 A, 1750 RPM, Italian-made Industria Galvanica F. Werth & Co.) is at the premises, part of a permanent exhibition of the origins of Casa da Boia. Interview, October 13, 2011, with Mario Rizkallah, Managing Director and grandson of the founder. Also http://www.casadaboia.com.br/.
56. From 1915 onwards the gross revenue from electricity sold for power surpassed electricity sold for light. From 1923 onwards (except for 1925) the combined gross revenue for power and light was bigger than the revenue for tramways; this is even more remarkable considering that for tramways the revenue considered is that generated by the sale of tickets. For the period 1906–1930 the average rate for ‘power’ presented the lowest drop in real terms – AR 1909, tables after p. 29; AR 1912, Annex; AR 1914, p. 94; AR 1916, p. 11; AR 1923, p. 3; AR 1924, p. 2; AR 1925, p. 3; AR 1927, p. 2; AR 1928, p.4; AR 1930, pp. 3–6, 11, 14. Not enough data were found to elaborate a series for the margins of each business.
57. AR 1910, p. 43.
58. Francesco Matarazzo (Castellabate, Italy, 1854; São Paulo, 1937) was a leading entrepreneur in the early stages of the São Paulo and Brazilian industrialization. Indústrias Reunidas Francisco Matarazzo (IRFM) was the largest industrial concern in Latin America until the 1940s, with operations including wheat flour, biscuits, canned meat, metalworking, ceramics, glass, aluminium, textiles (with the first viscose plant in Latin America), chemicals, etc. When Matarazzo celebrated his 80th birthday in the IRFM’s largest industrial park, the TSPTL&P offered as a ‘gift’ to him free transportation for the invitees to the party: 59 trams made 264 trips from different points of the City to the Agua Branca Works, transporting 5610 people (letter dated 17 March 1934 from E.A. MacMillan, Superintend of TSPTL&P, to F. Matarazzo). For a detailed account of the Matarazzo history, see R. C. Couto, Matarazzo (São Paulo: Editora Planeta do Brasil, 2004), 2 Vol.
59. AR 1930, p. 13.
60. Energy Trends, 6th edn (London: DTI, 2002), p. 26, http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/www.berr.gov.uk/files/file11864.pdf and http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/inform/energy_trends/electricitysince1920.xls. See also R. Fouquet and P. J. G. Pearson, ‘Seven Centuries of Energy Services: The Price and Use of Light in the United Kingdom (1300–2000),’ IAEE, The Energy Journal, 27 (2006), 139–77, 143, 162–3, https://www.pressestelle.tu-berlin.de/fileadmin/a70100710/Medieninformationen/2007/Pearson_and_Fouquet_7_Centuries_Light_En_Jnl_2006v27-01-a07.pdf.
61. AR 1925, p. 9.
62. Fonseca Telles.
63. AR 1908, pp. 21–3.
64. AR 1923, Annex for ‘Commercial Department’ (heliographic copy).
65. AR 1908, p. 22; AR 1914, pp. 98–9.
66. Albert Byington, an American immigrant from Elmira, NY, left the US in 1893 or 1984, aged 18, going first to Buenos Aires and then to Rio de Janeiro, where he worked with James Mitchell, GE’s local agent; afterwards, he worked in TSPTL&P as a technician. After marrying an heiress of a São Paulo coffee baron, the Count of Pinhal, he founded electrical utilities in São Paulo upstate. In the first decades of the twentieth century Byington & Co. were large importing agents, civil, mechanical and electrical contractors and agents of Westinghouse and many other companies in Brazil. Later on the manufacture of radio transmitters (under Westinghouse licence), transformers and even toothpaste was added to its portfolio. In P. E. Martins, Paulo Egydio Conta – Depoimento ao CPDOC-FGV (São Paulo: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, 2007; editors: V. Alberti, I. C. Farias, and D. Rocha), pp. 99–123. http://cpdoc.fgv.br/producao_intelectual/arq/1712.pdf.
67. AR 1914, p. 96.
68. In 1913 the financial results of the ‘Installation Department’, encompassing Light and Power, amounted to 4.1% of TSPTL&P’s gross income and 0.9% of its net income – AR 1913, p. 92.
69. AR 1914, pp. 96–9. Details of the contract between TSPTL&P and Byington & Co. are presented. It should be noted that Byington & Co. also took over the installation of private lightning (the public remaining with the TSPTL&P).
70. O Brasil Suas Riquezas Naturaes Suas Industrias (Centro Industrial do Brasil/M. Orosco & C., Rio de Janeiro, 1909), Vol. III; http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/d_detalhes.php?id=217983. An indication of the limited scope of this survey is the total number of manufacturing facilities identified being less than a quarter of that in the 1920 Industrial Census.
71. Ibid., p. 17.
72. Brazilian Census of 1920, cited.
73. Census of 1920, cited, Vol. I, pp. 102–3, Vol. II, pp. 202–3.
74. DOU, 17 November 1917, p. 12030.
75. O Paiz (daily newspaper), Rio de Janeiro, 17 December 1920, p. 4.
76. DOU, 4 September 1923, p. 24601.
77. DOU, 12 February 1929, p. 792.
78. DOU, 6 April 1924, p. 9105.
79. DOU, 6 January 1923, pp. 562–4.
80. DOU, 23 December 1926, p. 23927.
81. DOU, 30 May 1928, p. 13852; after Cardoso, Segura & Co. and IBME went out of business no other relevant motor manufacturer operated in Rio de Janeiro until mid-1950s when Codima started its operations. Codima was founded by the Stoltz family. During WWII the Herman Stoltz importing house was seized by the Brazilian government for being the property of ‘subjects of an enemy power’ – DOU, 27 May 1913, p. 7564; DOU, 11 June 1943, p. 9133; DOU, December 4, 1943, p. 17796; DOU, 5 October 1944, p. 17280; DOU, 24 April 1946, p. 6000; DOU, 19 February 1952, p. 2525; DOU, 17 July 1956, p. 13685.
82. DOU, 18 May 1913, p. 7142.
83. DOU, 18 December 1923, p. 150; DOU, 1 September 1923, p. 24427.
84. DOU, 4 September 1923, p. 24602.
85. Estatística Industrial do Estado de São Paulo – 1929 (São Paulo: Directoria de Estatistica, Industria e Commercio, 1930), pp. 99–124.
86. Estatística Industrial do Estado de São Paulo – 1935 (São Paulo: Directoria de Estatistica, Industria e Commercio, 1937), pp. 117–8.
87. Catálogo das Indústrias do Estado de São Paulo 1945 – Excluding the Capital (Departamento Estadual de Estatística, São Paulo, 1946), passim. All companies in each of the 305 municipalities that comprised the State of São Paulo at the time are listed according to their respective main activities, but no state-wide consolidation is presented; the figure incorporated in the text was consolidated by the author; Catálogo das Indústrias do Município da Capital (São Paulo: Departamento Estadual de Estatística, 1946), pp. 115–8.
88. Abramo Eberle, a family foundry and cutlery company in the Southernmost State of Rio Grande do Sul, started ca. 1939 manufacturing induction motors; it seems that it made that move to serve the local market which was depleted of motors by WWII. Eberle was an important motor manufacturer from the 1970s and 1980s, with the Italian motor manufacturer Ercole Marelli as minority partner from the late 1960s onwards. It was the only relevant electric motor manufacturer outside São Paulo until the mid-1970s, when WEG, located in the Southern State of Santa Catarina became a leading player.
89. M. Manzoli, interview on 28 February 2013, e-mail dated 30 January 2013. Mr Mario Manzoli, Mechanical Engineer, is the grandson of the founder of the company that later became Motores Elétricos Brasil, and was involved with its operation and management from 1970 until 1984. His father, Mario Manzoli Senior, led the transition of Viuva Manzoli to the manufacture of motors, and in his youth was a trainee in a motor repair shop (not identified) in the City of São Paulo.
90. G. Ceragioli, interview on 29 November 2012; e-mail dated 4 December 2012. Mr Guido Ceragioli, Electrical Engineer (Fribourg, Switzerland), was born in 1927 in Italy, moved to São Paulo in 1950 to work in ARNO; in the 1980s went to GE and later established his own Company for the manufacture of special electrical machines; M. Manzoli, interview and e-mail, cited.
91. dos Santos, pp. 155, 323–6; R. Cytrynowicz and M. M. Cytrynowicz, Poli – Elétrica: 100 anos de Liderança (São Paulo: Riemma Editora, 2011), pp. 13, 31, 39; E.P. Casella, Instituto de Eletrotécnica e Energia – Ano Cinquenta (São Paulo: USP/IEEE,1994), pp. 7, 18.
92. Cytrynowicz et al., p. 47.
93. E. F. Oliveira, ‘Como é medido o escorregamento dos motores no nosso gabinete de Eletrotécnica,’ Revista Polytechnica, 92 (1929), 116–8.
94. Relatório de 1948 do Instituto de Eletrotécnica – Report of the Institute of Electrotechnics for 1948, p. 19; ibid. for 1949, p. 17.
95. S. Deyama, interviews (by phone) on 18 and 29 November 2011; letter dated 24 November 2011. Prof. Shigueharo Deyama graduated from the Polytechnic School in 1948 and worked there and in the Instituto de Eletrotécnica (from 1963 as head of the Machines Section) until his retirement in 1990.
96. Roughly one fourth of the Certificados issued between 1927 and 1950 refer to the calibration of instruments belonging to manufacturers of all types of equipment; the proportion grows at the end of the period.
97. NEMA: National Electric Manufacturers Association (US); IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission.
98. Subsequently AEG requested tests for other two similar motors from different manufacturers.
99. Considering Muller, Brauns & Popper, Pereira Popper and IEM as being one company.
100. Exceptions being Klorvza, Bambozzi, Inema, Negrini, and Bardella.
101. CO 1849 (1944).
103. Lorenzetti’s Motor Catalogue, 1946.
104. CO 3393.
105. COs 3425–3428 (1948).
106. Relatório de 1942 do Instituto de Eletrotécnica – Report of the Institute of Electrothecnics for 1942, p. 21.
107. CO 1122 (prototype) and CO 1123 (STONE brand). The tests performed were the open circuit characteristic (armature voltage x exciting current at constant speed) and the load current x armature voltage curves for three different exciting currents and respective speeds; the dynamos were driven by an AC motor.
108. COs 1144–1148, 1191–1195, 1222–1225, 1284–1288, 1312–1316, 1361–1364, 1416–1420, 1442–1446. Same tests described in the note above.
109. Marson (note 47), pp. 102–3 (Table 21), pp. 105–6; Loureiro (note 48), pp. 80, 84.
110. M. Manzoli, interview and e-mail, cited.
111. Relatório de 1943 do Instituto de Eletrotécnica – Report of the Institute of Electrotechnics for 1943, p. 19.
112. CO 1685 (1944).
113. COs 2045–2049 (May 1945).
114. COs 3862 (hexane) and 3877 (ether).
115. COs 3828–3830, all dated 28 July 1949.
116. A. Takahashi, interview on 28 February 2013, letters dated 21 and 23 January 2013. Mr Akio Takahashi graduated in 1954 as a Mechanical and Electrical Engineer from the Escola Politécnica de São Paulo. He worked from 1955 until 1980 in GE and afterwards in Motores Elétricos Brasil, always involved with the design of motors.
117. A. Takahashi, interview and letters, cited.
118. AC Motor Selection and Application Guide, GE Industrial Systems, publication GET-6812C (2.5M 10/99) (Fort Wayne, IN, US), p. 19.
119. P. L. Alger and R. E. Arnold, ‘The History of Induction Motors in America,’ Proceedings of the IEEE, 64 (1976), 1380–3.
120. Geiger (note 64), p. 93.
121. CO 4142 (1950).
122. A. Lorenzetti, interview on 27 March 2013, e-mails dated 20 February and 31 March 2013. Mr Alexandre Lorenzetti belongs to the fourth generation to run the family’s company Lorenzetti, being Partner and Director. Lorenzetti is a leading manufacturer of low to medium circuit breakers and electrical water heating systems and other electrical devices; M. Mangzoli, interview and e-mail, cited.
123. E. S. Guariento, interview on 28 February 2013, letters dated 5 February and 1 March 2013. Mr Edmur Sampaio Guariento graduated in 1956 as a Mechanical and Electrical Engineer from the Escola Politécnica de São Paulo. He worked from 1957 until 1960 at the VILLARES motor factory and from 1960 until 1990 at Motores Elétricos Brasil; A. Takahashi, interview and letters, cited.
124. M. G. Falcone, interview on 25 April 2012, e-mails dated 24 and 25 July 2012 and 20 June, 2013. Mr Marcelo Gandra Falcone, Mechanical Engineer, is Partner and Managing Director of Equacional (successor of/spin off from Anel); his father, Professor Aurio Gilberto Falcone (Escola Politécnica) joined Anel upon his graduation in 1954, becoming Partner of that Company until his death. Both father and son worked with Mr Nick Fritz, founder of Anel.
126. DOSP July 25, 1944, pp. 5, 6; DOSP 7 August 1945, p. 35.
127. I. Piccinato, interview on 27 March 2013, e-mail 31 March 2013. Mr Ivo Piccinato, born in 1923, joined Lorenzetti in 1939, in an apprenticeship scheme concluded in 1942; Mr Piccinato is active and still working in Lorenzetti.
128. S. Deyama, interviews and letter, cited.
129. R. Eichhorn, interview on 10 April 2013, e-mail dated 17 April 2013. In 1978 Mr Roberto Eichhorn joined an apprenticeship scheme in Eletromecânica Suiça, working directly with Walther Altmann, son of founder Jacob Altmann. Since 1997 Mr Eichhorn has been Partner and Managing Director of Walter Altmann Ltd., successor of SuiÇa; see also http://www.walteraltmann.com.br/geradores_motores_usados/Walter_Altmann.html.
130. S. Deyama, interviews and letter, cited., I. Piccinato, interview and e-mail, cited.
131. M. Manzoli, interview and e-mail, cited; G. Ceragioli, interview and e-mail, cited; I. Piccinato, interview and e-mail, cited.
132. Alger et al. (note 119).
133. R. E. Lawrence and H. E. Richards, Principles of Alternating-Current Machinery (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1953), pp. 420–1.
134. A. Lorenzetti, interview and e-mails, cited.
135. I. Piccinato, interview and e-mail, cited; M. Manzoli, interview and e-mail, cited; G. Ceragioli, interview and e-mail, cited.
136. R. Eichhorn, interview and letter, cited; A. Takahashi, interview and letters, cited; I. Piccinato, interview and e-mail, cited.
137. S. Deyama, interviews and letter, cited.
138. Alger et al.
139. A. Takahashi, interview and letters, cited.
140. COs 1125 and 1126 (29 December 1942) and CO 1565 (21 January 1944).
141. CO 3811 (19 July 1949); CO 4559 (27 September 1950); CO 4676 (16 November 1950).
142. S. Deyama, interviews and letter, cited; I. Piccinato, interview and e-mail, cited; M. Manzoli, interview and e-mail, cited.
143. R. A. Pereira, interview on 25 April 2012. Mr Renato de Almeida Pereira, Electrical Engineer, joined Lavill (successor of/spinoff from Inema) in 1978, working directly with Mr Jorge Junek until 1985 and with Mr Frederico Kern until 1997; he is Lavill’s Managing Director and Partner; M. G. Falcone, interview and e-mails, cited; R. A. Pereira, interview cited.
144. S. Deyama, interviews and letter, cited.
145. C. Laffitte Jr., interview on 25 April 2012, letter dated 28 May 2012. Mr Carlos Laffitte Jr. Joined ANEL in 1966; at the time of the interview was Supply Manager of Equacional, Anel’s successor. I. Piccinato, interview and e-mail, cited.
146. DOU, 22 October 1932, pp. 32–3.
147. Geiger (note 64), p. 92.
148. I. Piccinato, interview and e-mail, cited.
149. CO 1168, 25 May 1943.
150. COs 1329, 1330, 1342, 1343 (1943), 3439 (1948) and 4093 (1950).
151. COs 1168, 1374, 1274, 1317 (1943), 2142 (1945), 2908 (1947), 3684 to 3687 (São Marco, 1949), 3946, 3947 (1950), 4464 (1950).
152. Fios Magnéticos SESMA Ltda. – NIRE 35206711777; DOSP, 26 June 1941, p. 6; DOSP 24 August 1945, p. 35; DOU, 17 December 1948, p. 18043.
153. NIRE 35201041790 (São Marco); http://www.saomarco.com.br/site/empresa.asp; NIRE 35300018265 (Pirelli); http://www.ppefios.com.br/site/pagina.asp?id=9; A. Takahashi, interview and letters, cited.
154. E. S. Guariento, interview and letters, cited; A. Takahashi, interview and letters, cited; S. Deyama, interviews and letter, cited; M. Manzoli, interview and e-mail, cited.
155. COs 3926, 3927 (1949).
156. COs 3307, 3314, 3432 (1948).
157. I. Piccinato, interview and e-mail, cited.
158. I. Piccinato, interview and e-mail, cited; The Lima Recorder (newspaper), Lima, NY, 1 May 1941; DOU 31 December 1942, p. 18894; DOU 26 February 1944, p. 3123.
159. I. Piccinato, interview and e-mail, cited; M. Manzoli, interview and e-mail, cited.
160. G. Ceragioli, interview and e-mail, cited. In his interview Mr Ceragioli stated that the use of Italian text books and notes from classes in Italian engineering schools (ao the Politecnico de Milano) led to ‘every motor designed (at that time) in São Paulo to have some resemblance with an Ercole Marelli machine’.
161. The conclusions of the ensuing analysis cannot be prima facie extrapolated to other manufacturers, but are an indication of a likely state of the art.
162. Alger et al. (note 119).
163. The use of the estimated weight of the laminations instead that of the total motor (which was given in the catalogue) leads to very similar results.
164. Considering catalogue data from three different manufacturers – one Brazilian, one European and one from the US.
165. E. J. Robba, ‘A Física da Eletricidade e a Revolução Eletrotécnica no Século XX,’ in 500 Anos de Engenharia no Brasil, ed. by J. C. T. B. Moraes (São Paulo: EDUSP, 2005), pp. 262–3; also http://www.osetoreletrico.com.br/web/component/content/article/58-artigos-e-materias-relacionadas/244-padroes-brasileiros.html.
166. EB 120 – Especificação Brasileira 120, Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), Comite Brasileiro de Eletricidade (CB3).
167. University of Minnesota News Service, 18 November 1949, http://purl.umn.edu/50974; Relatório de 1950 do Instituto de Eletrotécnica – Report of the Institute of Electrotechnics for 1950, p. 38; S. Deyama attended this course.
168. Geiger (note 54), pp. 49–50.
170. See note 88 above.