COVID-19 shock 2020: impact on foreign and Kuwaiti workers and contrasts with employment, earnings and consumption during normal times

ABSTRACT

This paper uses micro-level data from the 2013 official Kuwait Household expenditure survey covering 2961 households; and three 2020 COVID-19 shock-related CEO, labor force and household surveys to juxtapose the consumption profiles of foreign workers in Kuwait. The paper contributes to a growing literature on foreign workers by focusing on foreign workers’ employment and earnings and consumption profiles following the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper compares differential consumption responses of 250 foreign and Kuwaiti households during the COVID-19 shock with profiles that existed during 2013, which was a shock-free year. Moreover, since foreigners represent nearly 70% of the population, OLS regressions were applied to the 2013 microdata and the 2020 household survey to inquire if standard consumption functions deployed in the economic literature hold in the case of foreign households in Kuwait and vets how their consumption responded to income shocks. Our data and empirical analysis corroborate that Kuwait’s foreign community bore the brunt of COVID-19 in terms of employment, earnings and living conditions. Moreover, our results broadly indicate congruence with Friedman’s permanent income hypothesis, and that for given income levels, consumption heterogeneity holds for foreign workers according to age cohorts, giving support to the life cycle hypothesis. The findings carry significant implications to Kuwait’s dichotomous labor markets, and to households’ income and consumption policies especially to Kuwait’s transformative policy to realize sustainable growth.

KEYWORDS:

• Foreign workers
• COVID-19
• income
• consumption
• shocks

SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION CODES:

• C31, D12, D15, J15

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by The Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences under Grant (PN20-171C-07)- (CORONA PROP-92).

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1 https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/43

2 http://blmi.lmra.bh/2021/03/newsletter_en.pdf

3 https://data.gov.om/byvmwhe/labour-market

4 For more on the economic impact of COVID-19 shocks on economies: (Brinca et al., 2021); (Christelis et al., 2021); and (Hacioglu et al., 2020).

5 According to Vakil (1973), Measured income is average income of all households without being grouped based on certain characteristic, while permanent income is the average income of the mean current income classified by some characteristic such as occupation.

6 The estimated Chow Test F (3, 2955) = 4.188 which is greater than F (3, 2955) at 1% significance (3.79) for 2013 data and F (3, 244) = 12.614 which is greater than F (3, 244) at 1% significance (2.64) for the 2020 data.

7 The regression results for the PIH are presented in appendix table A2.

8 The analysis was also done by using average age of all household members, the overall result is similar to that using household head age

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences [Grant (PN20-171C-07)- (CORONA PROP-92)].