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Abstract
People smuggling is considered a current fastest growing transnational crime. It involves a myriad of countries, as well as numerous routes which are continuously growing over time. This is possible is also due to the fact that the developments of technology has helped the smugglers to conduct their activities, for example, such as the use of complex navigational equipment. It is believed that the number of illegal migrants via land, sea and air are around 30–40 million people out of approximately 191 million legal migrants worldwide. States in Southeast Asia have taken measures to combat the problems of people smuggling. The Bali Process has been one of the most important Forums in addressing the issue of people smuggling. This paper explores legal frameworks at international and regional levels in order to address the current legal measures in place to combat people smuggling. Furthermore, challenges in its implementation, as well as its adequacy, will also be discussed.
Notes on contributor
Ahmad Almaududy Amri is a PhD candidate at the Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, where he is writing his thesis on maritime security challenges in Southeast Asia. Mr Amri holds a Master of International Relations from the University of Indonesia, a Master of Laws from Gadjah Mada University, and a Bachelor of Laws from the University of North Sumatra.
Notes
1. Section 5AA, Migration Act 1958.
2. Presentation by Dr Rebecca Miller, Coordination and Analysis Unit (CAU), UNODC Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific, Migrant Smuggling by Sea: South-East Asian Facts & Figures, Jakarta, Indonesia, 18 March 2013.
3. To view the full text of the Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, see http://www.uncjin.org/Documents/Conventions/dcatoc/final_documents_2/convention_smug_eng.pdf.
4. To view the full text of the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, see http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf.
5. About the Bali Process, Bali Process website http://www.baliprocess.net/about-the-bali-process.