Setbacks in the development of marine protected areas in Indonesia

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to analyse problems with the legislative framework and institutional arrangements underpinning marine protected area and marine resource management in Indonesia. The paper identifies current difficulties with coordination, functional overlap, and unclear mandates of government agencies for dealing with marine protected areas and marine resources management. Analysis of the legal framework and institutional arrangements is not intended to solve the problem as a whole, but to assist in explaining the broad and complex issues arising from the enactment of the new Regional Government Act. This paper suggests improvements to marine protected area and marine resource management in Indonesia through enhanced coordinating mechanisms and amendments to the new Regional Government Act. The paper argues that an adequate and appropriate legal framework and institutional arrangement will promote sustainable development and management of Indonesia marine areas.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to extend his grateful thanks to the Research Centre for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, which has provided funds and time for this research. Finally, the author would also to thank Dr Mari Rhydwen for her corrections and suggestions.

Notes on Contributors

Dirhamsyah has completed his PhD in Law at Wollongong University, Australia in 2006. He is working in the Research Centre for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (RCO-LIPI) as a researcher. Since 2015, he is appointed as Director of the RCO-LIPI. Coastal Management and Community Empowerment are his main research focus.

Notes

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12 Articles 14 and 29 of the Act No. 5 of 1990 regarding Conservation of Biological Resources and Their Ecosystems.

13 Art 1 of the Act No. 5 of 1990.

14 Art 18, Para 3 of the Act No. 31 of 2004.

15 Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, ‘Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Indonesia (Marine Conservation Areas in Indonesia)', Directorate of Conservation Area and Fish Species of MMAF, http://kkji.kp3k.kkp.go.id (10 October 2010).

16 Art 18 of the Act No 32 of 2004 regarding Regional Government. This Act is already changed by the Act No. 23 of 2014.

17 Art 18.5 of the Act No 32 of 2004.

18 SJ Campbell, AS Hoey, J Maynard, T Kartawijaya, J Cinner, A Nicholas, J Graham & AH Baird, ‘Weak Compliance Undermines the Success of No-Take Zones in a Large Government-Controlled Marine Protected Area', PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 11, 2015, http://www.e50074 (28 October 2015). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050074; DGR Wiadnya, R Syafaat, E Susilo, D Setyohadi, Z Arifin & B Wiryawan, ‘Recent Development of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Indonesia: Policies and Governance', Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, vol. 1, no. 12, 2011, pp. 608–13.

19 Dirhamsyah, ‘IUU Fishing in Indonesia's Live Reef Fisheries’, Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs, vol. 4, no. 2, 2012, pp. 44–52.

20 NA Sloan & A Sugandhy, ‘An overview of Indonesia Coastal Environmental Management’, Coastal Management, vol. 22, 1994, pp. 215-33.

21 Dirhamsyah, ‘Analysis of Institutional Arrangements Relevant to Coral Reef Management in Indonesia’, Maritime Studies Journal, vol. 154, 2007, pp. 1-19.

22 M Halim, ‘Harmonic Management Assessment of Seven National Marine Parks’. Marine Protected Areas Governance (MPAG), USAID and Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, 2014.

23 The author involved in several meetings and discussion regarding the planning of transferring of seven national marine parks.

24 Art 18.4 of Act No 32/2004.

25 Art 18.3 of Act No 32/2004.

26 Articles 14.1 and 17.1 of Act No 23/2014.

27 Appendix of Act No 23/2014 regarding the division of concurrent government affairs between the central government, the provincial and district/city governments.

28 JS Pet & RH Djohani, ‘Combating destructive fishing practices in Komodo National Park: Ban the hookah compressor’, SPC Live Reef Fish Bulletin, 1998, vol. 4, pp. 17–28; Patlis, J, Knight, M & W Siahaan 2002, ‘Creating A Framework for Integrated Coastal Management in Indonesia: The Importance of Law’, in Bengen, DG, Arthana, IW, Dutton, IM, Tahir, A & Burhanuddin (eds) 2002, ‘Prosiding Konperensi Nasional III 2002: Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan Indonesia (National Conference III of 2002: Management of Indonesian Coastal and Ocean Resources Proceedings), Bali, Indonesia, p. v-13; Dirhamsyah 2005, ‘Maritime Law Enforcement and Compliance in Indonesia: Problems and Recommendations’, Maritime Studies Journal, vol. 144, pp. 1–16.

29 There are 10 ministries under the ministries under the CME coordination, include the Ministry of Finance (MOF), the Ministry of Manpower (MOM), the Ministry of Industry (MOI), the Ministry of Trade (MOT), the Ministry of Public Work and Public Housing (MOPWH), the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF), the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning (MOASP), the Ministry of State Own Company (MOSOC), and the Ministry of Cooperation, Small and Middle Enterprises (MOCSME).

30 There are six ministries under the ministries under the CMPSD coordination, include the Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), the Ministry of Legal and Human Rights (MOLHR), the Ministry of Defense (MOD), the Ministry of Communication and Informatics (MOCI), the Ministry of State Apparatus Empowerment and Bureaucratic Reformation (MOSAEBR).

31 There are eight ministries under the ministries under the CMHDC coordination, include the Ministry of Religion (MOR), the Ministry of Health (MOH), the Ministry of Youth and Sport (MOYS), the Ministry of Cultural, and Basic and Middle Education (MOCBME), the Ministry of Research and Technology and Higher Education (MORTHE), the Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection (MOWECP), the Ministry of Village, Regional Development and Transmigration (MOVRDT), and the Ministry of Social.

32 National Statistical Bureau (BPS), ‘Kemiskinan Di Indonesia Naik Menjadi 28,59 Juta Tahun 2015 (Poor People in Indonesia Increase in 28.59 million People in 2015)'. BPS, Jakarta, 2015.

33 NAWACITA is the abbreviation of Sembilan Cita-Cita (The Nine Changing Agendas). NAWACITA is the vision, mission and action programs of Joko Widodo and Jusuf Kalla that proposed when they rallying campaign to be the President and Vice President of Republic of Indonesia. Now, it becomes the national’s vision, mission and action programs.

34 Ministry of Home Affairs, ‘Naskah Akademik Revisi Undang-Undang No. 32 tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah (Academic Paper of Revision of Act No 32 of 2004 regarding the Regional Government)', MOHA, Jakarta, 2011.

35 Ibid.

36 Articles 28-30 of Act No. 23 of 2014.

37 AT White & HP Vogt, ‘Philippine Coral Reefs Under Threat: Lessons Learned After 25 Years of Community-based Reef Conservation’, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 40, no. 6, 2000, pp. 537–50; C Alcala & GR Russ, ‘Role of socioeconomic factors in coral reef protection and management’, Proceedings 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, Indonesia 23–27 October 2000, vol. 1, pp. 29–32; AT White & AC Trinidad, ‘The Values of Philippine Coastal Resources: Why Protection and Management Are Critical’, Coastal Management Project, Cebu City, 1998.