Abstract
Safety of healthcare is one of the most important values of patients. Public safety and security are important aspects to all, as demonstrated by the 2011 disaster in Japan. This comment describing 5 valences of safety and security may contribute to the necessary discussion about human values. These valences are related to system theory, intentionality, locus of control, situation andpersonality, and modeling capability. It is also suggested that different values such as safety/security, utility/benefit, and justice/equity may be structured by similar valences.