ABSTRACT
Based on a bibliometric analysis of research on family tourism, this editorial intends to reflect on the knowledge development in the topic area in the past 40 years. Eight themes or subject clusters were unveiled: foundations, family roles, place, family structure and function, psychological factors, behavior, experience, and methodology and theory. The trend and patterns of knowledge formation alongside the eight themes are described, visualized, and discussed by two periods of 1978–1999 and 2000-May 2019. The general observation is that despite the remarkable development of family tourism in the past decades, extant research still lacks depth and scope. The seven articles in this collection, by addressing diversified market, various types of attractions, and employing different methods, may enrich the landscape of family tourism.
摘要
本文采用文献计量学的方法, 旨在揭示家庭旅游的研究主题在过去四十年中的变化与发展。通过分析, 文章总结出家庭旅游研究聚焦在以下八个类别:基础性概念, 家庭角色, 目的地, 家庭结构与功能, 心理因素, 游客行为, 旅游体验以及理论与方法。作者将131篇文章划分为两个阶段 (1978-1999与2000-2019), 并对不同阶段的主题发展进行了可视化分析与探讨。结果表明, 尽管近些年来家庭旅游研究数量日益增多, 但是研究依然缺乏广度与深度。本期的七篇文章基于不同的研究方法, 通过讨论多元化的市场类别, 不同类别的目的地和吸引物等来丰富家庭旅游研究的视角。
Introduction
Humans’ closest and most significant emotional bonds are formed with their children and families, hence why family lies at the center of social activity (Yeoman, Citation2008). Contemporary society has placed increasing emphasis on family togetherness at home and during leisure time, including on holidays (Kluin & Lehto, Citation2012). Family holidays provide an effective means of bonding, during which family members can spend quality time and create collective memories (Carr, Citation2011; Lehto, Choi, Lin, & MacDermid, Citation2009). Traveling has become more of a necessity than a luxury for families, spurring the development of a large tourism sector (Lehto et al., Citation2009). According to Agoda (Citation2018) data on family travel trends, family travel has become popular around the world. For example, in Australia, 71% of travelers reported having traveled with their core family (i.e. parents & children) in 2017; these proportions reached 81% and 86% in Indonesia and Thailand, respectively.
Given the rapidly expanding family travel market, tourism scholars have noticed the ballooning popularity of related tourism in recent years. According to Wu, Wall, Zu, and Ying (Citation2019), family tourism research has thus far focused on three major streams: family travel decision making, the benefits of travel, and family travel experiences. To gain a deeper understanding of the intellectual, social, and conceptual structures of family tourism research in English and Chinese, a bibliometric analysis was conducted as part of this editorial note.
Sample articles were gathered from various databases. English-language materials were collected via EBSCO, Elsevier, Sage, ProQuest, and Taylor & Francis. Chinese-language materials were drawn from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI); to ensure the quality of articles being reviewed, only those published in Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index (CSSCI) journals were included. Based on keyword searches for ‘family tourism,’ ‘family vacation,’ ‘family holiday,’ ‘family leisure,’ ‘family travel,’ ‘children-parent tourism,’ ‘adolescent-parent tourism,’ ‘father/mother tourism/travel,’ ‘family life cycle’ and ‘family function,’ 228 articles were returned. We carefully reviewed all articles and discarded several irrelevant studies, such as those pertaining to family business and at-home family leisure. Ultimately, 131 manuscripts published from 1978 to May 2019 were included in our sample. The PDF and RIS versions of each article were downloaded into separate files for further analysis.
We then entered pertinent information from each paper into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, namely the article title, journal name, author(s), year of publication, authors’ national and university affiliations, keywords, data collection and analysis methods, and major findings. We further scrutinized the data to rectify potential coding issues prior to analysis. Duplicate information such as ‘Heike Schänzel’ and ‘Heike A. Schänzel’ (representing the same researcher) and ‘AUT University’ and ‘Auckland University of Technology’ (representing the same institution) were modified for consistency in the data cleaning process. Moreover, as our efforts focused on the thematic development of family tourism research taking keywords as significant trend indicators, terms representing identical/similar concepts (e.g. ‘family’ vs. ‘families’; ‘FLC’ vs. ‘family life cycle’) were standardized to facilitate analysis.
Our formal analysis involved two steps. First, we conducted descriptive analysis to craft an overall picture of the evolution of family tourism research. Information such as the volume of research output by year and by journal, research collaborations, topics of interest, and chosen research methods were organized. In the second stage, we used VOSviewer to examine the relationships and interactions among research topics and the development of research themes based on co-word analysis.
A profile of publications
The number of articles on family tourism published from 1978 to May 2019 is shown in . The earliest publications appeared in 1978, written by Jenkins (Citation1978) and Myers and Moncrief (Citation1978); both articles investigated decision making. Then, no new publications emerged until 1980. As indicated in , academia has seen an upsurge of publications on family tourism since 2009.
Figure 1. Number of publications by year (1978–May 2019).
The chosen 131 family tourism–related articles (see Appendix) were published across 54 journals; the highest proportion of articles collectively appeared within 13 titles (). Annals of Tourism Research (ATR) was home to the largest number of publications (13), followed by Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing (JTTM; 12), Tourism Management (TM; 12), and Journal of Travel Research (JTR; 10). Not surprisingly, most articles appeared in tourism-focused journals. Further investigation revealed that most articles (93) were included in general tourism journals such as JTR and TM as classified by Wu and Wall (Citation2016); only seven were found in business and economics journals such as Journal of Business Research (JBR) and Journal of Marketing Management (JMM).
Figure 2. Journal outlets of publications.
Authors’ affiliations are listed in . Our sample of 131 articles was collectively authored by scholars from 136 institutions around the world, with the largest number of researchers affiliated with Purdue University (26), followed by Zhejiang University (12), Auckland University of Technology (10) and The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (10).
Figure 3. Publications by authors’ affiliations.
Authors’ countries of affiliation are depicted in . Only articles written in English (121) were analyzed for this aspect. Most authors were affiliated with universities in the United States (96), followed by the Greater China region (including Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan; 35), the United Kingdom (25), New Zealand (24), and Australia (19).
Figure 4. Publications by country of authors’ affiliations.
The selected articles were authored by a total of 294 scholars. lists the names of scholars who published at least three articles on family tourism during the timeframe of interest. The landscape of family tourism authorship exhibited clear distinctions by gender and region. Among the seven scholars who published more than three articles, six were women and five were Asian. Among all 294 contributors, 21 published two articles and the others published one, implying that most scholars simply happened to consider this topic; only a handful of researchers appeared to focus on family tourism in particular. Xinran Lehto from Purdue University and Heike Schänzel from Auckland University of Technology assumed leading roles in knowledge development.
Figure 5. Publications by authors.
Following Okumus, Koseoglu, and Ma (Citation2018) approach to analyzing collaboration patterns, four types of research collaboration were identified in our sample: a single author; two or more authors from one institution in one country; two or more authors from different institutions in one country; and two or more authors from different institutions in different countries. As illustrated in , the first and third collaboration patterns resulted in 36 and 37 publications respectively, 33 papers were featured by the second pattern, and the remaining 25 papers were characterized by the fourth pattern. Therefore, despite evident growth since 2009, international collaboration on family-related tourism research remains insufficient.
Figure 6. Collaboration patterns by year.
Research design
Ruhanen, Weiler, Moyle, and McLennan (Citation2015) suggested classifying theoretical and/or methodological approaches to tourism research into four types: empirical study, literature review, theory (model) building, and historical perspective/discussion/opinion piece. Following a similar rule, the methodological approaches used in family tourism studies are summarized in . Empirical studies (n = 115, 87.8%) dominated the sample, followed distantly by literature reviews (n = 11, 8.4%). Scholars in this sample (exclude four discussion/opinion piece) performed survey research most often (n = 47, 37%) followed by interviews (n = 34, 26.8%). Less common designs included the use of secondary data (n = 26, 20.5%), mixed methods (n = 16, 12.6%), and netnography (n = 4, 3.1%).
Table 1. Methodological Approaches.
Compared with the general methodological pattern of tourism research in which a quantitative–deductive approach is most popular, a higher proportion of studies in family tourism relied on qualitative data. Yet most qualitative work, informed by post-positivism, adopted deductive methods to analyze text by counting the frequency of themes while ignoring the nuanced contextual meanings of narratives.
In terms of geography, apart from 14 articles that did not provide such information, the United States (n = 28), China (including Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan; n = 17), the United Kingdom (n = 11), and Australia (n = 9) were the most common areas of interest. This distribution was largely consistent with that of authors’ affiliated countries, suggesting scholars’ genuine interest in their local market. Among the 107 articles in English, more than half (n = 62) studied families in the same country as the authors’ affiliated institutions, and 27 considered families in the same country as one of the authors’ affiliated institutions. Eighteen studies were conducted in countries different from the authors’ affiliated universities.
Thematic development
Co-word analysis was next conducted to understand the thematic evolution of family tourism research from 1978 to May 2019. After collecting all articles’ keywords, we used VOSviewer to develop a holistic view of the interconnections among keywords by visualizing co-word networks (). In , the size of a bubble represents the frequency of each keyword’s appearance, and the line thickness indicates the strength of co-occurrence ties (Leung, Sun, & Bai, Citation2017). The five keywords receiving the most attention were ‘children,’ ‘decision making,’ ‘family vacation,’ ‘family travel,’ and ‘family.’ Further exploration unveiled eight themes capturing the structure of sub-domains in family tourism research throughout the study period: 1) foundations, namely the general concept of family tourism–related keywords (e.g. ‘family travel’ and ‘family vacation’); 2) family roles, or the roles that research participants played in their family (e.g. parents or children); 3) place, referring to a specific research area or particular attraction; 4) family structure and function, highlighting the family’s function in a society and the influence of the family life cycle; 5) psychological factors, including tourists’ travel motivations, emotions, or satisfaction; 6) behavior, particularly what tourists do and how they behave before, during, and after travel; 7) experience, such as tourists’ various travel experiences; and 8) methodology and theory, describing the method(s) or theory(ies) used in a study.
Figure 7. Co-word network: 1978–May 2019.
Knowledge creation in family tourism began to rise in 2000 as the publication volume increased and the topic area broadened. From 1978 to 1999, only 22 family tourism–related articles were published in 12 journals. Content analysis of keywords and the eight relevant themes is shown in ; the co-word network is depicted in . Different from the overall co-word network, studies conducted in 1978–1999 largely focused on behavioral aspects of family tourism with decision making receiving the most attention. This topic was often studied in the context of family travel/vacations and couples/spouses. The second most frequent keyword was ‘family life cycle,’ particularly with respect to its influence on tourist expenditure or travel patterns. The cohort effect was also considered part of the family life cycle. ‘Children’ was the third most common keyword and tended to be explored relative to overall family travel satisfaction, experiences at beach-based attractions, and children’s influence on family travel decision making.
Figure 8. Co-word network: 1978–1999.
Table 2. Keywords: 1978–1999.
Consistent with findings from previous research, behavior was the most thoroughly studied area, including decision making and consumption behavior. The economic value of this market sector clearly captured scholars’ interest during the first wave of family tourism research (i.e. 1978–1999), hence their focus on who contributes to family vacation decisions (e.g. the influence of each family member as suggested by secondary data). Yet studies on how and why certain decisions were made remained limited. In addition, most research in this period focused on the pre-trip stage with comparatively little attention to during- and post-trip behavioral responses such as family members’ experiences, attitudes, and satisfaction.
Children, despite appearing in more keywords than adults, were seldom studied as active agents but instead passive ‘others’ during this research period. Given scholars’ emphasis on decision making, the degree to which children could influence adults’ travel decisions seemed to be the center of attention. According to the prevalence of place-themed keywords, studies from 1978 to 1999 generally adopted a Western orientation specific to North America and Europe. This pattern mostly coincides with Xiao and Smith (Citation2006) notes regarding the geographical focus of tourism research per their index analysis of ATR.
From 2000 to 2019, 109 family tourism–related articles were published in 54 journals. Compared to the first wave of research, the number of relevant keywords in the second wave increased dramatically and the co-word network became more complicated, thus implying richer knowledge production around family tourism. The keyword content analysis is shown in , and the accompanying co-word network appears in .
Table 3. Keywords: 2000–May 2019.
The co-word network pattern in the second period was similar to the overall network. As shown in , the most prominent bubble was ‘children,’ which was strongly linked to ‘family travel,’ ‘family holiday,’ and ‘family vacation’ along with several small bubbles. Therefore, during this period, the keyword ‘children’ continued to garner considerable academic attention and extended to various research topics. The influence of this market segment expanded in kind. This trend has been confirmed in other studies (e.g. Blichfeldt, Pedersen, Johansen, & Hansen, Citation2011) revealing that children have come to exert a growing impact on family travel decision making given the multidimensional nature of family travel (Kozak, Citation2010).
The keyword ‘family leisure,’ which was not observed during the first period, emerged as an important focal topic during the second research period. This type of leisure began to be examined in connection with ‘family vacation’ and ‘family functioning,’ with the latter being a new keyword in this period as well. For a family to function well, spending time together on leisure activities is critical (Major, Klein, & Ehrhart, Citation2002). Such quality time can also greatly affect family functioning through cohesion (Lehto et al., Citation2009); because tourism is a major component of leisure activities (Zabriskie & McCormick, Citation2001), family leisure assumed a prominent place in the network. Moreover, as indicated in , ‘decision making’ and ‘family life cycle’ were common research foci in both periods, revealing the market-driven nature of family tourism (Lehto et al., Citation2009).
Figure 9. Co-word network: 2000–2019.
The keyword classification for the second research wave appears in . Only keywords that were cited repeatedly and fell within the eight identified themes were included. The structure of author-provided keywords in the second period reflects several current trends in family tourism.
First, although ‘family vacation/holiday’ appeared in the first period, this area expanded to incorporate additional topics such as the benefits and influence of vacations/holidays. Scholars also began to notice the meaning and importance of tourism. Furthermore, as family members might choose different destinations for different purposes, studies on various types of tourism became increasingly diversified (e.g. keywords such as ‘adventure tourism’). Kidron (Citation2013) recognized this trend and pointed out that family tourism should not be treated primarily as mass tourism; instead, scholars should consider emerging forms of tourism such as ecotourism. Researchers should also recognize that no particular type of tourism has attracted more attention than others.
Second, ‘social tourism’ is another new topic that appeared several times during the second sub-period, presumably due to shifts in the social environment. As an emerging form of tourism and an aspect of social policy, social tourism targets low-income families and intends to make tourism accessible to the less fortunate (Minnaert, Maitland, & Miller, Citation2011). This trend suggests that disadvantaged families are no longer socially excluded from family tourism research.
Third and unexpectedly, the prevalence of psychology-related topics has grown tremendously, specifically those involving motivation and satisfaction. These topics offer myriad marketing implications for family tourism. However, compared with tourists’ decision making and behavior, this theme remains relatively narrow and can certainly be developed in the future.
Fourth, as mentioned earlier, children have come to play active roles in family tourism. Recent studies have also begun to consider children with disabilities, as evidenced by keywords such as ‘access’ and ‘disabled children.’ These novel focal areas align somewhat with the ‘disadvantaged family’ notion that emerged during the first research period as well as the ‘social tourism’ trend highlighted above. Adult-related keywords also grew during the second research wave, particularly on matters of inter-partner negotiation (e.g. ‘conflict’ or ‘disagreement resolution’) and the impacts of gender roles in family (e.g. the keywords ‘father,’ ‘mother,’ and ‘gender’ were listed more often). ‘Grandparents’ and ‘elderly travel’ also became more common, suggesting senior family members’ tourism involvement. These patterns imply that family tourism research is beginning to incorporate more participant groups to examine research questions from diverse perspectives.
Fifth, experience-related themes have diversified from their prior focus on ‘women holiday experience,’ more recently addressing topics such as family travel experiences at settings ranging from theme parks (e.g. Johns & Gyimothy, Citation2002) and museums (e.g. Sterry & Beaumont, Citation2006) to adventurous areas (e.g. Pomfret, 2018). Sixth, different from the ‘places’ theme in the first research period, place-related keywords exploded during the second wave to include various ‘countries/cities’ and ‘attractions.’ Research attention has begun to turn to Asian countries such as Malaysia, China, and Singapore rather than upholding a Western-centric perspective. Attractions have also shifted from solely beaches to other types, especially culture-related attractions such as museums. This growth may be partially attributable to the growing importance of education tourism (Ritchie, Carr, & Cooper, Citation2003). According to Falk, Ballantyne, Packer, and Benckendorff (Citation2012), tourism has been recognized as a valuable form of experiential learning; as such, parents may begin to favor educational attractions such as museums and heritage sites when traveling with family. Finally, the proliferation of keywords related to theory and analytical techniques suggests that research in the second period involved more diverse methodologies and stronger methodological support for family tourism research.
Remaining issues
The above analysis suggests that despite an upsurge of family tourism research in the past decades, academic endeavor in this area still lacks depth and scope. In addition to the imbalanced contribution in terms of authors’ gender and affiliated countries, as well as region of study interest, we also noticed that although ‘children’ as a keyword has been the center of co-word analysis, they were rarely treated as active agents, as indicated by the small number of research with children as the research participants. Existing research on family tourism is largely confined to conventional tourism destinations such as beach and cultural attractions, while tourists’ interface with more diversified and emerging destinations/attractions is missing. Another observation from the thematic analysis is the employment of diversified and novel methodology. While research method is only the means to achieve research objectives, using novel ways of data collection, e.g. real time monitor of tourists’ spatial behavior and emotion, may provide richer information to tackle broader scope of research problems.
In response to growing interest in family tourism from the academia and the dramatic development of this market in China, and to address the remaining issues in family tourism research, we compiled this thematic collection of research. The special issue includes seven articles from a total of 18 authors affiliated with nine institutions: four from the United States, three from China, and one each from Australia and Canada. Five of the seven articles were written by women-only research teams, which is relatively uncommon in general tourism scholarship but reflects gendered authorship in work on family tourism.
Among the seven articles, four involved children tourists, indicating the increasingly important role of these family members as active agents in family consumption, including family vacations. Huang and Li (2020) investigated Chinese adolescents’ overseas study tours from the perspectives of adolescents and their parents using data gathered through in-depth interviews. Adolescents’ major activity types during overseas study tours and their motivations for participating in these tours were identified and interpreted within the context of China’s modernization, globalization, single-child policy, and traditional cultural values.
Gao, Havitz, and Potwarka (2020) explored the influence of family vacations on Chinese adolescents’ subjective well-being based on survey data. Findings revealed that family vacations positively affected adolescents’ subjective well-being, although this impact diminished soon after they returned to school. Using children’s drawings of their favorite family holidays along with open-ended interview questions, Khoo-Lattimore and Yang (2020) explored middle-class Malaysian Chinese children’s construction of family holidays. Their results highlighted the collectivistic Confucian values of family and education during family holidays. Children’s conceptualizations of a ‘fun holiday’ were also presented. Huang, Zhang, and Ihnatoliova (2020) incorporated methodologies in time geography to explore children tourists’ spatial memory bias by matching their GPS-recorded activity paths to their path recall reported on a survey. Two types of memory bias were identified: false memories and memory lost.
The other three articles focused on parents in family travel. Lehto, Fu, Kirillova, and Bi (2020) considered Chinese parents’ perceived attractiveness of overseas summer camps from internal and external perspectives using survey data. Several unique camp attribute preferences and motives, such as camp location and educational benefits, were identified. Cai, Wang, and Zhang (2020) attempted to deconstruct the link between vacation travel, marital satisfaction, and subjective well-being based on in-depth interviews. They found vacation travel to enhance marital satisfaction along with individuals’ subjective well-being. Four drivers were specifically identified as promoting marital satisfaction, namely mutual devotion, reignited passion, strengthened bonds, and open communication. Drawing upon the growing popularity of P2P accommodations, Lin (2020) investigated families’ key considerations when choosing Airbnb rentals during family trips. A unique experience, facilities and space, online reviews, location, and friends’ recommendations were highlighted as major concerns.
By presenting this special issue on Family, Children, and Tourism in Journal of China Tourism Research, the Guest Editors hope to pique the interest of scholars, regardless of cultural/ethnic, geographical, disciplinary, or methodological backgrounds, to engage in the identified thematic areas of research. We would also like to thank the 18 authors and nearly 20 anonymous reviewers who have contributed to the making of this thematic collection.
Disclosure Statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
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