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ABSTRACT
The yield and fatty oil components of the seed kernels of Annona squamosa L. (Family: Annonaceae) were determined by solvent extraction method and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Seeds were extracted with ethanol and further fractionated with n-hexane. The free radical–scavenging activities of both ethanolic and n-hexane fraction against 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were determined by UV spectrophotometer at 517 nm. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of numerous bioactive compounds including steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, fatty acids, and different types of ester compounds. The prevailing compounds found in ethanolic fraction were n-hexadecanoic acid (10.08%), heptadecene-(8)-carbonic acid-(1) (29.68%), octadecanoic acid (3.61%), 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (5.14%), ergost-5-en-3-ol (3.68%), stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol (5.93%), and y-sitosterol (8.25%). Compounds found in n-hexane fraction were mainly n-hexadecanoic acid (14.42%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (2.87%), cis-vaccenic acid (10.39%), 9-octadecenoic acid (7.03%), hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester (4%), 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (13.33%), ergost-5-en-3-ol (4.04%), stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, (3.beta.,22e) (6.07%), and y-sitosterol (10.87%). The crude fatty oil was converted into methyl esters and analyzed by GC-MS. Eleven compounds constituting 99.9% of the oil were identified. The presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in ethanolic and n-hexane fraction of A. squamosa seed extract justify the use of this plant to treat many ailments in folk and herbal medicine. Both the fractions have shown significant antioxidant activity. The presence of phenolic compounds and unsaturated fatty acids are reported as possible contributors for antioxidant activity of seed extract.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University (IU/R&D/2017/MCN000144) for providing all the necessary facilities related to the present research work.
Declaration of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the article.
About the authors
Mohammad Zahid, M. Pharm, is associated with Herbal Bioactive Research Laboratory of Integral University, and is involved in extraction and isolation of bioactives to find out their potential activities using suitable animal model.
Muhammad Arif, PhD, is associated with Herbal Bioactive Research Laboratory of Integral University, and is involved in extraction and isolation of bioactives to find out their potential activities using suitable animal model.
Md. Akhlaquer Rahman, PhD, is associated with Herbal Bioactive Research Laboratory of Integral University, and is involved in extraction and isolation of bioactives to find out their potential activities using suitable animal model.
Kuldeep Singh, PhD, is associated with Herbal Bioactive Research Laboratory of Integral University, and is involved in extraction and isolation of bioactives to find out their potential activities using suitable animal model.
Mohd Mujahid, PhD, is associated with Herbal Bioactive Research Laboratory of Integral University, and is involved in extraction and isolation of bioactives to find out their potential activities using suitable animal model.