Qualitative surface characterization of Indian Permian coal using XPS and FTIR

ABSTRACT

This paper reports on the surface properties associated with high-ash Indian Permian coal, which primarily depend on its geochemical compositions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques have been used to assess surface properties. The results confirm the presence of different elements, mineral phases, and organic functional groups in coal. The XPS survey confirms the presence of different elements on the surface of the coal. Some of them are C 1s (286.0 eV), O 1s (534.5 eV), N 1s (399.9 eV), S 2p (158.2 eV), such as SiO₂ and Al₂O₃, which correspond to Si 2p (102.7 eV) and Al 2p (75.6 eV) with other clay minerals. XPS spectra of C 1s confirm the presence of aliphatic and aromatic carbon, which are hydrophobic compared to hydrophilic groups such as alcoholic, carboxylic, and phenolic. FTIR also validates the existence of hydrophobic functional groups as being higher than hydrophilic groups. Proximate and ultimate analysis results also confirm the presence of less moisture and a higher carbon percentage in the coal samples. Hence, the inherent hydrophobicity of the coal surface is excellent, and the surface hydrophobicity of coal can also be characterized using XPS and FTIR techniques. This information about the coal properties will be very beneficial for coal beneficiation and utilization.

KEYWORDS:

• Coal surface
• hydrophobicity
• silica
• XPS
• FTIR
• characterization

Acknowledgments

We like to express our highest gratitude to the mining engineering department, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, for providing the necessary facilities and support to conduct these experiments.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).