Survey and risk assessment of trace elements in foods from Taiwan containing red mould rice (Monascus) by ICP-MS

Abstract

The concentrations of seven trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Se, Cu and Zn) in 93 red mould rice (Monascus) food samples in Taipei, Taiwan, were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after wet digestion. The results, calculated in mg kg⁻¹ (wet weight) for each sample, revealed the general scenario of food safety in Taiwan: As (0.005–12.04), Cd (<0.0005–2.22), Cr (0.014–6.95), Cu (0.012–8.70), Pb (0.001–0.64), Se (<0.001–1.29) and Zn (0.020–67.02). Three food samples were identified with As concentrations higher than regulatory limits: a dietary supplement sample and a seaweed sample with As concentrations that exceeded the limit of Taiwan's health food standard of 2 mg kg⁻¹, and a canned eel sample with an As concentration that exceeded the limit of Canada's fish standard of 3.5 mg kg⁻¹. This study suggests that the estimated intakes of these seven trace elements from the consumption of foods containing Monascus pose little risk, as the trace element contents in the majority of samples were lower than the permissible/tolerable intakes per week according to the guidelines recommended by the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). Moreover, their concentrations in foods containing Monascus differ widely for different food varieties, suggesting that external contaminants and raw materials are the main sources of trace elements. This study shows that ICP-MS is a simple method proposed for the determination of As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Se, Cu, and Zn in foods containing Monascus.

Keywords:

• biscuits
• dietary supplements
• cereals and grain
• fish and fish products
• processed foods
• soy sauce
• wine
• rice
• heavy metals
• arsenic
• cadmium
• lead
• selenium