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Abstract
Our objective is to present a novel approach and supplement to indicator-based impact assessment through the use of embedded case study. We will build a hybridized, methodological approach in order to extend the capacity, potential, and utility of the Olympic Games impact (OGI) study as an evaluation framework and mechanism for attribution. Assessing the impact of a sport mega-event on its host through an existing framework such as the OGI study is a complex undertaking spanning multiple indicators, variables, and scales. Yet, despite the many challenges in assessing Olympic-induced changes in host cities, we believe it is possible to use indicator-based impact assessment to aid in the formation of not only impact assessment and policy attribution, but to develop a more contextualized approach to legacy creation, monitoring, and evaluation. To test this potential, we will explore the empirical data generated through the OGI study on Vancouver 2010's social housing legacy on Southeast False Creek. Reconciling the quantitative information compiled by the OGI study with a more rigorous approach to qualitative, embedded case study will ideally allow for the more accurate and effective assessment of Olympic legacies and policy-making. It is our expectation that such an evaluation will prove sensitive to the political, economic, and social climate and context surrounding the hosting of the Olympic Games, and in so doing, provide added insight into the nature and formation of policy development and urban transformation in the context of an Olympic host city.
Resumen
Nuestro objetivo es presentar una aproximación novedosa y complementar la valoración de indicador basado en el impacto a través del uso de un estudio de caso integrado. Construiremos una aproximación metodológica híbrida con el fin de extender la capacidad, el potencial y la utilidad del estudio del Impacto de los Juegos Olímpicos (Olympic Games Impact-OGI) como un marco de valuación y mecanismo para la atribución. Valorar el impacto de un mega-evento deportivo en su lugar de celebración a través de un marco existente como el estudio OGI es una tarea compleja que abarca múltiples indicadores, variables y escalas. Además, a pesar de los muchos desafíos en la valoración de los cambios inducidos por los Juegos Olímpicos en las ciudades anfitrionas, creemos que es posible utilizar la valoración del impacto basado en el indicador para contribuir en la formación de no sólo de la evaluación del impacto y la política de asignación, sino desarrollar una aproximación más contextualizada a la creación de legado, control y evaluación. Para probar este potencial, exploraremos los datos empíricos generados a través del estudio OGI del legado de viviendas sociales en Vancouver 2010 en South East False Creek. Reconciliar la información cuantitativa recogida por el estudio OGI con una aproximación más rigurosa al cualitativo insertado permitirá, en teoría, una evaluación más precisa y efectiva del legado de los Juegos Olímpicos, y haciendo eso, proporcionar una mejor comprensión de la naturaleza y formación del desarrollo de políticas y la transformación urbana en el contexto de una ciudad anfitriona de unos Juegos Olímpicos.
Palabras claves: Impactos de los Juegos Olímpicos; valoración del impacto basada en el indicador; estudio de caso integrado; legado; evaluación del legado
Résumé
Par le biais de l’étude de cas intégrée, l'objectif de cette étude est de présenter une nouvelle approche et supplément à l’évaluation d'impact basée sur des indicateurs. Nous allons constituer une approche méthodologique hybride, afin d'explorer la capacité, le potentiel et la pertinence de l’étude basée sur l'Impact des Jeux Olympiques (IJO) comme cadre d’évaluation et mécanisme d'attribution. Il faut noter que l’évaluation de l'impact d'un méga-événement sportif sur ses organisateurs grâce à un cadre existant, tel que l’étude IJO, est une tâche complexe, impliquant de multiples indicateurs, variables et échelles. Pourtant, malgré les nombreux défis relatifs à l’évaluation des changements générés par les jeux olympiques dans les villes organisatrices, nous croyons qu'il est possible d'utiliser l’évaluation d'impact basée sur des indicateurs comme outil permettant non seulement l’évaluation de l'impact et des modes d'attribution, mais aussi le développement d'une approche plus contextualisée, visant la création d'un héritage, les mécanismes de suivi et d’évaluation. Pour examiner ce potentiel, nous allons explorer les données empiriques générées par l’étude IJO appliquée à l'héritage de 2010 des logements sociaux de Vancouver au Sud-Est de False Creek. En associant les données quantitatives recueillies à travers l'approche IJO avec une analyse plus rigoureuse des données qualitatives, l’étude de cas intégrée permettra d’évaluer de manière idéale, plus précise et efficace des héritages olympiques et la conception des politiques. Eu égard au climat politique, social et économique, ainsi au contexte du déroulement des Jeux olympiques, nous nous attendons à ce que cette étude soit sensible. Dans tous les cas, elle permettra de mieux comprendre la nature et la conception du développement des politiques, ainsi que la transformation urbaine dans la ville organisatrice des Jeux Olympiques.
Mots-clés: Impacts des Jeux Olympiques; évaluation de l'impact basée sur des indicateurs; étude de cas intégrée; héritage; l’évaluation de l'héritage
摘要
本文的目标是通过使用嵌入式的案例研究为以指标为导向的影响力评估提供和补充一种崭新的方法。我们将建立一个杂化的方法体系， 帮助奥林匹克运动会影响力评估 (OGI) 作为一种政策归因的评估架构和机制， 扩大其评估能力、潜力和应用。通过一个现存的架构评估大型体育赛事在其主办地的影响力的研究是一个复杂的任务， 比如奥林匹克运动会影响力评估 (OGI) 的研究，其需要多重指标、变量和规模的支撑。但是， 尽管评估奥林匹克运动会在主办城市引起的变化有诸多挑战， 我们相信运用以指标为导向的评估是可行的，其不仅有助于构建影响力评估和政策归因，而且有助于发展一种针对遗产创造、监管和评估更富情境化的方法。为了验证这种可行性， 我们将通过奥林匹克运动会影响力评估 (OGI) 的研究，收集有关温哥华福溪区 (False Creek) 东南部2010年社会住房遗产的实证数据。本调查将奥林匹克运动会影响力评估 (OGI) 收集的定量信息与一个更严谨的、定性的、嵌入式案例研究的方法结合起来， 对奥林匹克运动会遗产和政策制订提供更精确、有效的评估。我们期望这样的一个评估能体现对奥林匹克运动会的政治、经济和社会气候以及周遭情境的敏感性， 能够就一个奥林匹克运动会主办城市的政策制订、城市变迁的本质和发展提供深刻的见解。
关键词: 奥林匹克运动会影响力; 指标为导向的影响力评估; 嵌入式案例研究; 遗产; 遗产评估
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
ORCID
Caitlin Pentifallo http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4504-1127
Notes
1. While Beijing completed portions of the OGI study, Vancouver represents the first Olympic host to carry out a full, or four-report, study. The University of British Columbia was selected in 2007 as the third-party research arm responsible for carrying out the study, identified as the OGI-UBC Research Team.
2. OGI's 12-year reporting span (as per the 2007 Technical Manual) is punctuated by four reports: the baseline report, taking assessment 2 years prior to host city selection; the pre-games report, containing information from 2002 to 2006 and released four years prior to the start of the Games; the Games-time report, containing information from 2007 to 2010 and released 12 months after the Games’ conclusion; and the post-Games report, speaking to changes experienced in the host city 3 years post-Games.
3. Originally spanning 160 indicators and more than 30 themes, the OGI study was reduced to 126 indicators in 2006 (van Griethuysen & Hug, Citation2001). This structure has undergone dramatic revision in 2011, reducing 126 indicators to 30, and combining formerly separate indicators into larger sets of indicators.
4. Affordable housing is defined as
dwelling units designed to be affordable to persons who make up a core need household where such persons pay more than 30% of their combined gross annual income to rent an adequate and suitable rental unit, including utilities, to meet the basic housing needs of the household at an average market rent. (City of Vancouver, Citation2007b)
5. Modest market housing is explained as dwelling units designed to be affordable to those persons whose income falls within the middle third of income distribution (City of Vancouver, Citation2007b).
6. Permanent facilities are described in the Games Facility Agreement as residential accommodation, commercial space, and all permanent infrastructure including roadways, walkways, green space, power, sewer, water, and other utilities. Site preparation, geotechnical work, property leveling, and remediation also remained at the city's sole cost and risk.
7. A core need household is one where persons pay more than 30% of their combined gross annual income to rent an adequate and suitable rental unit (City of Vancouver, Citation2007b).
8. Progress draws of $26.6 million were issued on a monthly basis to the wide variety of contractors working on the project; Fortress refused to make further progress draws on 15 September 2008 (Andrews, Citation2008).
9. The city manager illustrated the budgetary issues as follows: Millennium contributed $29 million and $171 million (developer's deposit and land purchase balance totally $200 million); $317 million provided by the lender, Fortress; $100 million provided by the city in the form of protective advances from September 2008 to January 2009 (Ballem, Citation2009).
10. The median household income for metropolitan Vancouver in 2010 was $67,090 (Statistics Canada, Citation2013) while the application for tenancy permits tenants to have a maximum monthly income of $8005 per month, or $96,060 annually (COHO Property Management, Citation2011).
11. The one-for-one replacement of SRO units is stated in the Housing Plan for the DTES signed in September 2005. Action 3.1 states ‘replace SROs with low-income social housing on a one-for-one basis and facilitate the integration of market housing’ (Johnson & Greenwell, Citation2006).