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Abstract
In China, the need to integrate the air and rail networks has been identified and dozens of transport hubs that include air and HSR links have been built or are planned. In this research, which is complementary to Chen and Lin, the level and potential for air–rail integration at Shanghai Hongqiao Integrated Transport Hub is examined and analyzed. The results show that despite the excellent infrastructure the actual level of integration is low, while the potential benefits from such integration could be very large. It seems that in China the main barrier for air–rail integration is institutional and stems from the institutional (and cultural) division between air and rail transport and from the importance placed on promoting competition almost at any cost – both of these barriers can be said to be ‘imported’ to China from (especially) the U.S. and Europe. But with the infrastructure for air–rail integration in place, the potential to realize such an integration is far greater. A move away from the uni-modal governance and planning of transport can open the door not only to air–rail integration but to the creation of a truly integrated transport system in China.
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank the International Association for China Planning (IACP) for organising this special issue.
Notes
1. See http://baike.baidu.com/view/3119844.htm (last accessed on 6/7/2016).
2. A random test by one of the authors revealed that it is possible to walk from the airport to the railway station without using any other modes of transportation, in about 10 min.
4. Based on ACI data, published on Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_world%27s_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic – accessed 18 October 2015).
5. Passengers who, for example, used the metro to get to the airport are counted twice: first arrival from Metro, followed by second departure from airport.
6. The forecast assumes the construction of interairport (Hongqiao–Pudong) and Shanghai-Hangzhou Maglev project, which to date has not been approved.
7. See Li Citation2014 and Qian et al. Citation2014 for the mode split on access journey to other large airports in China.
8. China Northern Airlines, China Southwest Airlines and China Northwest Airlines were integrated into China Southern Airlines, Air China, and China Eastern Airlines, respectively, in 2002 as part of the CAAC reorganization strategy.
9. The interviewees included: An Urban Planning Professor of Tongji University; the Deputy Director of Shanghai Comprehensive Transportation Planning Institute; and the Planning Manager of Hongqiao Airport. The interviews were conducted in the Summer of 2014.
10. In Table , the term ‘HSR’ refers to the so-called passenger dedicated HSR long lines passing through the study area (e.g. Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway). The term ‘Intercity Rail’ refers to those HSR short lines running between cities within the study area (e.g. Shanghai–Nanjing intercity high-speed railway, Shanghai–Hangzhou intercity high-speed railway). Technologically, they are both HSR lines carrying train types G and D.
11. For air services, the cheapest economy fare and, for rail, the fare for the fastest service were assumed. While rail schedules and fares are relatively constant across days (as there is only one service supplier), air flight schedules and fares fluctuate over time due to the existence of competition between multiple airlines and travel agencies. This means that rail fares might be more attractive, especially closer to the day of departure. Data used here represent the average.
12. For air transport, five daily services or higher is considered to be high-frequency service.
13. The new line is planned with a station at San Francisco International airport at one end of the line, but without connection to Los Angeles International airport on the other end.
14. HS2, or high-speed 2, is the HSR line planned from London to the North, Birmingham in stage 1 and later Manchester and Leeds in Stage 2. Heathrow airport is not planned as a station on the line, but a branch line connection is planned as part of Stage 2. The connection of HS2 with HS1, will allow HSR services from Britain to Europe, Paris and Brussels especially.
15. It is evident in Tables and that currently there are many ‘thin’ (with very low frequency of service) routes served by both air and HSR services, often in competition between the modes.
16. At present, the interairport link between Hongqiao and Pudong Airports (separated by Huangpu River) is very poor, taking one hour or longer. Metro Line 2 that connects the airports is very crowded since it serves and traverses the urban CBD area. At present, the planned Maglev service between the airports has been suspended.
17. Source: http://english.gov.cn/policies/policy_watch/2016/06/30/content_281475383269632.htm. (last accessed on 2/8/16).
18. Source: http://news.takungpao.com/mainland/focus/2016-02/3282727.html. (last accessed on 2/8/16).