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Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK) for sponsoring the research project, Disadvantaged Young People's Transition to Adulthood in the Metropolitan Areas: Being Part of the Problem or the Solution, upon which this article is based. The author also thanks the youth whose participation made it possible to carry out this research.
Notes
3 William Hale (Citation2006) Christian Democracy and the AKP: Parallel and Contrasts, in: M. H. Yavuz, (ed.) The Emergence of New Turkey (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press), p. 82
1 Özbudun Ergun (Citation2006) From Political Islam to Conservative Democracy: The Case of the Justice and Development Party in Turkey, South European Society & Politics, 11(3–4), p. 574.
2 William Hale (Citation2006) Christian Democracy and the AKP: Parallel and Contrasts, in: M. H. Yavuz, (ed.) The Emergence of New Turkey (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press), pp.77–82.
4 Ayşe Buğra & Çağlar Keyder (Citation2006) Turkish Welfare Regime in Transformation, Journal of European Social Policy, 16(3), p. 224.
7 A. B. Atkinson & John Hills (Citation1998) Exclusion, Employment and Opportunity, Case Paper 4, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, p. 13.
5 Çağlar Keyder (Citation2005) Globalization and Social Exclusion in Istanbul, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29(1), p. 128.
6 Linda Milbourne (Citation2002) Life at the Margin: Education of Young People, Social Policy and the Meanings of Social Exclusion, International Journal of Inclusive Education, 6(4), p. 327.
8 A. B. Atkinson & John Hills (Citation1998) Exclusion, Employment and Opportunity, Case Paper 4, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, , pp. 13–14.
9 Milbourne, Life At The Margin, p. 327.
10 This research was carried out in state institutions, trade unions, political parties' youth branches, local governments, and municipalities, including the Ministry of National Education. Researchers conducted semi-structured interviews in 32 institutions. Based on the topic under study, they conducted the semi-structured interviews with staff in three central municipalities governed by AKP mayors, namely, Mamak, Yenimahalle, and Keçiören. Altındağ and the central municipality of Ankara declined to participate. The researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with AKP youth branches in Çankaya, Mamak, Yenimahalle, and Keçiören. The Altındağ youth branch, which is in the poorest municipality, declined to participate in the interviews; however, information for the current research was gathered from its websites and brochures. Understanding these institutions, particularly the AKP, is vital for understanding their perspectives on social exclusion, which is an important security agenda. The Turkish Statistical Institution's 2008 national population survey found that Turkey's population numbered 71,517,100, with half under the age of 28.5 (see further http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?tb_id = 39andust_id = 11, accessed 14 April 2008). For this reason, the governing party's perspective on social exclusion merits evaluation.
11 Pinar Bilgin (Citation2003) Individual and Societal Dimensions of Security, International Studies Review, 5(2) p. 211.
12 Tobias Theiler (Citation2003) Societal Security and Social Psychology, Review of International Studies, 29(2), p. 250.
13 Tobias Theiler (Citation2003) Societal Security and Social Psychology, Review of International Studies, p. 251.
14 Graeme P. Herd & Joan Löfgren (Citation2001) Societal Security, the Baltic States and EU Integration, Cooperation and Conflict, 36(3), p. 275.
15 Ole Waever (Citation2000) The EU as a Security Actor, in: M. Kelstrup & M. C Williams (eds) International Relations Theory and the Politics of European Integration (London: Routledge), p. 67.
18 Theiler, Societal Security and Social Psychology, p. 251.
16 Barry Buzan, Ole Waever & Jaap De Wilde (Citation1998) Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner), pp.119–140; and Waever, The EU as a Security Actor, pp.251–252.
17 Holger Stritzel (Citation2007) Towards a Theory of Securitization: Copenhagen and Beyond, European Journal of International Relations, 13(3), pp. 360–361.
19 Rabia Karakaya Polat (Citation2009) The 2007 Parliamentary Elections in Turkey: Between Securitisation and Desecuritisation, Parliamentary Affairs, 62(1), p. 132.
20 Bülent Aras & Rabia Karakaya Polat (Citation2008) From Conflict to Cooperation: Desecurization of Turkey's Relations with Syria and Iran, Security Dialogue, 39(5), p. 498.
21 Ayşe Buğra (Citation2008) Kapitalizm, Yoksulluk ve Türkiye'de Sosyal Politika [Capitalism, Poverty and Social Policy in Turkey] (Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları), pp. 218–219.
22 Yalçın Akdoğan (Citation2004) Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi [The Justice and Development Party], in: Y. Aktay, (ed.) Modern Türkiye'de Siyasi Düşünce: İslamcılık [Political Yhought in Modern Turkey: Islamism] (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları), pp. 620–632; Nuh Yılmaz (Citation2004) İslamcılık, AKP, Siyaset [Islamism, The AKP, Politics], in: Y. Aktay, (ed.) Modern Türkiye'de Siyasi Düşünce: İslamcılık [Political Thought in Modern Turkey: Islamism] (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları), pp. 604–620.
23 Şahin Alpay (Citation2005) İslami Kalvinistler [Islamic Calvinists], Zaman, February 8. Available at: http://www.zaman.com.tr/yazar.do?yazino = 217620 accessed 14 April 2008.
24 Max Weber (Citation1993), Sosyoloji Yazıları [Sociology Writings] (İstanbul: Hürriyet Vakfı Yayınları), p. 62; R. Aron (Citation1986), Sosyolojik Düşüncenin Evreleri [The Stages of Sociological Thinking] (Ankara: Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları), pp. 371–372.
25 Weber, Sosyoloji Yazıları, p. 227.
26 Interview, with the head of the AKP Mamak Youth Branch, Mamak, May 12, 2008.
27 Interview, with the head of Çankaya Youth Branch, Maltepe, May 9, 2008.
28 Interview, with the vice president of Yenimahalle, Yenimahalle, May 15, 2008.
29 On May 1, 2008, Workers Feast, a group of protestors in Istanbul destroyed small-traders's shops and clashed with policemen; interview with the head of Çankaya AKP Youth Branch, Maltepe, May 9, 2008.
30 Interview with the AKP Yenimahalle Youth Branch,Yenimahalle, May 9, 2008.
31 Interview with the head of AKP Keçiören Youth Branch, Keçiören, May 10, 2008.
32 Interview with the head of AKP Keçiören Youth Branch, Keçiören, May 10, 2008
33 Interview with the AKP Mamak Youth Branch, Mamak, May 12, 2008.
35 Interview, with the vice president of Yenimahalle, Yenimahalle Municipal Building, May 15, 2008.
34 Nilüfer Göle (Citation2009) İç İçe Girişler: İslam ve Avrupa [Interpenetrations: Islam and Europe] (Istanbul: Metis Yayınları), p. 192.
36 M. Hakan Yavuz (Citation2005) Modernleşen Müslümanlar: Nurcular, Nakşiler, Milli Görüş ve AK Parti [Turkish translation of Islamic Political Identity in Turkey] (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003] (İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi), p. 286.
39 Interview with the vice president of Keçiören, Municipal Building of Keçiören, May 11, 2008.
37 M. Hakan Yavuz (Citation2005) Modernleşen Müslümanlar: Nurcular, Nakşiler, Milli Görüş ve AK Parti [Turkish translation of Islamic Political Identity in Turkey] (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003] (İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi), p. 351.
38 Interview with the AKP Çankaya Youth Branch, Maltepe, May 9, 2008.
40 Simten Coşar (Citation2004) Liberal Thought and Democracy in Turkey, Journal of Political Ideologies, 9(1), pp. 86–87.
41 The head of the AKP Çankaya Youth Branch talks about the action of protestors in the May 1, 2008, Workers' Feast. The protestors destroyed shops, banks and property, such as cars and streets, and clashed with policemen.
43 Interview, Head of the AKP Mamak Youth Branch, Mamak Youth Branch Building, May 12, 2008.
42 Amy Singer (Citation2005) Soup and Sadaqa: Charity in Islamic Societies, Historical Research, 79(205), pp. 302–304.
44 Interview, Head of the AKP Mamak Youth Branch, Mamak Youth Branch Building, May 12, 2008
45 Interview, Head of the AKP Mamak Youth Branch, Mamak Youth Branch Building, May 12, 2008
46 Interview, Head of the AKP Mamak Youth Branch, Mamak Youth Branch Building, May 12, 2008
47 Interview with the Principal Clerk of Mamak Municipality, Mamak, May 12, 2008.
48 Wendy Larner (Citation2000)Neo-liberalism: Policy, Ideology, Governmentality, Studies in Political Economy, 63 (Fall), pp. 10–13.
49 Wendy Larner (Citation2000)Neo-liberalism: Policy, Ideology, Governmentality, Studies in Political Economy, 63 (Fall), pp. 10–13
50 Interview with vice president of Yenimahalle, Yenimahalle Municipal Building, May 15, 2008.
51 Interview with head of AKP Youth Branch, AKP Youth Branch Building, May 9, 2008.
52 Singer, Soup and Sadaqa, pp. 321–322.
54 Interview with head of AKP Keçiören Youth Branch, Youth Branch Building, May 9, 2008.
53 Buğra, Kapitalizm, pp. 222–223. In contrast, participants in the Republican People's Party, or RPP (CHP)—the opposition party that promotes social democracy—prioritize lack of education and poverty in the concept of social exclusion. According to the RPP youth branch secretariat, ‘socially excluded young people are ones having a lack of education merging with poverty. They are not able to develop their sense of responsibility.’ Interview, CHP Youth Branch Secreteriat, Altindağ, May 16, 2008.