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Original Articles

Fate of Fusarium mycotoxins in the cereal product supply chain: the deoxynivalenol (DON) case within industrial bread-making technology

, , , , , & show all
Pages 677-687 | Received 30 Sep 2009, Accepted 28 Jan 2010, Published online: 07 May 2010
 

Abstract

Fusarium mycotoxins are a relevant problem in the cereal supply chain at a worldwide level, with wheat, maize and barley being the main contaminated crops. Mould growth can happen in the pre-harvest phase and also during transport and storage due to ineffective drying conditions. Among Fusarium toxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) is considered the most important contaminant in wheat due to its widespread occurrence. In the last years the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the European Commission have frequently expressed opinions on Fusarium toxins, setting limits, regulations and guidelines in order to reduce their levels in raw materials and food commodities. In particular, European legislation (Reg. 1881/2006) sets the maximum limit for DON in flour and bread as 750 and 500 µg kg−1 respectively. Relatively few studies have taken into account the loss of trichothecenes during processing, focusing on how processing factors may influence their degradation. In particular, the description of DON behaviour during bread-making is very difficult, since complex physico-chemical modifications occur during the transformation of the raw ingredients into the final product. In the present study, we studied how DON concentration may be influenced by modifying bread-making parameters, with a special emphasis on the fermentation and baking stages, starting from a naturally contaminated flour at both pilot and industrial scales. Exploiting the power of a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach to consider the great complexity of the studied system, the obtained model shows satisfying goodness-of-fit and prediction, suggesting that the baking step (time/temperature ranges) is crucial for minimizing native DON level in bread.

Acknowledgements

Part of the present work was performed within a project (SITEIA) partially financed by the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy). The financial support from Spinner Consortium (Spinner 2013, Emilia-Romagna Region together with the European Social Fund and the Italian Ministry for Welfare) is also acknowledged. Finally, the authors would like to thank the following colleagues for their time, help and fruitful discussions: C. Cauzzi, L. De Vito, A. Garulli, E. Grignafini, A. Leporati, and U. Tanzi.

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