Toxicokinetics and carry-over model of α-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) from feed to consumption-sized Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Abstract

A two-compartmental model for the kinetics of carry-over of the brominated flame retardant α-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) from feed to the fillet of farmed harvest-sized Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) was developed. The model is based on a fat compartment for storage of the lipophilic α-HBCD and a central compartment comprising all other tissues. Specific for this model is that the salmon has a continuous growth and that fillet contaminant levels are explained by both the fat and the central compartments. The uptake and elimination kinetics are obtained from experimental data where consumer sized (start weight approximately 1 kg) Atlantic salmon was fed α-HBCD spiked feed (280 ± 11 µg kg⁻¹) for 2 months followed by a depuration period of 3 months. The model was used to simulate the HBCD feed-to-fillet transfer in Atlantic salmon under realistic farming conditions such as the seasonal fluctuations in feed intake, growth and fillet fat deposition. The model predictions gave fillet concentrations of 0.2–1.8 µg kg⁻¹ depending on the level of fish oil inclusion in the salmon diets when using fish oil with high POP background levels. Model simulations show that currently farmed Atlantic salmon can contribute to a maximum of 6% of the estimated provisional food reference dose for HBCD.

Keywords:

• LC/MS
• exposure
• risk assessment
• toxicology
• pharmokinetics
• bromate
• feeding
• animal feed
• fish and fish products

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Thommy Holmvaag at Lerang research facilities for excellent technical assistance. Furthermore, they thank Joar Fjørtoft Breivik for chemical analyses. The project was financed by the Norwegian Research Council project (Safe Feed – Safe and Healthy Seafood, 199626/I10).