Occurrence and levels of nitrofuran metabolites in sea cucumber from Dalian, China

ABSTRACT

The occurrence and levels of nitrofuran metabolites (NFMs) in sea cucumber (SC) from Dalian, China, are reported. Four metabolites including 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), semicarbazide (SEM) and 1-aminohydantoin (AHD) in different SC products (fresh, instant and dry salted SCs) were measured. The frequency of occurrence for NFMs in all SC samples was 42.7%. The total NFM concentrations ranged from non-detectable to 64.6 ng g^–1, with a mean of 3.59 ng g^–1. AOZ and SEM were the dominant congeners, accounting for 40.1% and 59.1% of the total NFMs, respectively. The concentrations and patterns varied among different regions. Higher levels of NFMs were found in the fresh SC products, and the order for the average concentration of ∑₄NFM was fresh > dry salted > instant.

KEYWORDS:

• Nitrofuran metabolites
• AMOZ
• AOZ
• SEM
• AHD
• sea cucumber
• distribution

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Supplementary material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed here.

Additional information

Funding

This research was financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China [grant number 2013CB430403]; the National Natural Science Foundation [grant number 21277017]; and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [grant number DUT15LK40].