Evaluation of aflatoxin and Aspergillus sp. contamination in raw peanuts and peanut-based products along this supply chain in Malaysia

ABSTRACT

The peanut supply chain in Malaysia is dominated by three main stakeholders (importers, manufacturers, retailers). The present study aimed to determine the levels and critical points of aflatoxin and fungal contamination in peanuts along the supply chain. Specifically, two types of raw peanuts and six types of peanut-based products were collected (N = 178). Samples were analysed for aflatoxins by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results revealed that the aflatoxin contamination was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in raw peanuts and peanut-based products from the retailers. However, there was no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in fungal contamination for both types of peanuts except for the total fungal count in raw peanuts from the retailers. Furthermore, raw peanut kernels from the retailers were the most contaminated ones ranged from <LOD to 1021.4 µg/kg (mean: 120.7 µg/kg, median: 1.4 µg/kg) followed by the samples collected from the manufacturers which was ranged from < LOD to 181.9 µg/kg (mean: 20.5 µg/kg, median: 0.0 µg/kg). About 38% and 22% of the samples from the retailers and manufacturers were found to have exceeded the Malaysian Regulation limit (raw peanuts:15 µg/kg; peanut-based products:10 µg/kg), respectively. In contrast, no aflatoxins were detected in samples from the importers. On the other hand, 15.0% and 5.9% of peanut-based products from retailers and manufacturers, respectively, were found to have exceeded the limit. Fungal contamination (0.3–3.6 log CFU/g) was relatively higher in raw peanuts compared to that of peanut-based products (0.6–2.7 log CFU/g). In conclusion, the manufacturers and retailers were the critical points for aflatoxin contamination in peanuts. However, fungal contamination was more critical in the raw peanuts compared to peanut-based products. The study was limited by a minimal number of samples from the importer. Therefore, further investigations on a larger sample size should be conducted to confirm the findings in this present study.

KEYWORDS:

• Peanuts
• aflatoxins
• Aspergillus sp
• peanut supply chain

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Health, Malaysia for the assistance throughout the sampling process. The first author would like to acknowledge the Universiti Sains Malaysia and the Ministry of Higher Education for providing the scholarship under the Academic Staff Training Scheme, USM.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Universiti Putra Malaysia under IPB Putra Grant [9425401].