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ABSTRACT
Occurrence of 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol fatty acid esters (MCPDEs) in 199 human milk samples collected from Canadian women was examined in this study. MCPDEs were determined via indirect analytical approach by using acidic hydrolysis/transesterification and derivatization with cyclohexanone using a fluorinated sulfonic acid resin as a catalyst followed by GC-MS analysis. Analyses were done by a stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) using 3-monochloropropanediol-d5 dipalmitate and 2-monochloropropanediol-d5 distearate as internal standards. In all samples 2-MCPD esters were not detected, at LOD = 1 ng/g for 2-MCPD equivalent. 3-MCPD esters were not detected, at LOD = 2 ng/g for 3-MCPD equivalent, in 193 samples. Six samples had the apparent concentration of 3-MCPD equivalent in the range of 2.0–5.1 ng/g, which was likely caused by accidental contamination during processing of samples. For selected samples, these findings were confirmed by direct analysis via LC-MS/MS analysis based on SIDA for 3-MCPD dipalmitate and 2-MCPD distearate. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to analyze human milk samples for 2-MCPD esters.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank D. Vogl and S. Kaviani-Nejad (Technical University of Munich) for performing LC-MS/MS analyses, F. Breton (Health Canada) for performing GC-HRMS analyses, W.D. Fraser for organizing the collection of samples in the MIREC program and R. Dabeka (Health Canada) for comments and a review of the manuscript.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Supplemental data
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/tfac.