Ochratoxin A presence in Cabernet Sauvignon wine changes antioxidant activity in vitro and oxidative stress markers in vivo

ABSTRACT

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin found in grape products and oxidative stress has been reported as an important mechanism involved in its toxicity, classified as possible carcinogenic to humans. Conversely, phenolics are known bioactive compounds in grapes and display great antioxidant properties. However, the biological effects of the concomitant presence of phenolic compounds and OTA remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the effect of OTA presence in Cabernet Sauvignon wine on antioxidant activity in vitro and on oxidative stress markers in vivo. In addition, the phenolic composition of wine was evaluated by LC-DAD-MS/MS. In vitro assays were based on spectrophotometric methods, while in vivo assays were performed evaluating oxidative stress markers in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, an alternative model to animal testing. A total of 23 phenolic compounds were identified in the Cabernet sauvignon red wine, including the anthocyanins delphinidin-3-O-glicoside and malvidin-3-O-glicoside, the flavonol quercetin-3-O-glucuronide and the phenolic acids caffeic, verbascoside and caftaric. Trans-resveratrol and trans-piceid were the only stilbenes found in the samples. OTA presence in the red wine was accompanied by reduction in GSH content and increase in hydroxyl radical generation in vitro. The presence of OTA in wine also increased lipoperoxidation and induced overexpression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase in vivo. This study demonstrates that OTA presence in red wine can reduce its antioxidant potential in vitro and induces oxidative stress in vivo, without affecting the phenolic compounds levels in the samples. Thus, this work provides insights into the negative effects of the presence of OTA in wine, not only by its known toxicity, but also by prejudicing the antioxidant potential of wine. It is important to be aware of these effects when developing a complete description of OTA toxicity in humans.

KEYWORDS:

• Mycotoxin
• oxidative stress
• phenolic compounds
• reactive oxygen species

Acknowledgments

Authors thank National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq, Universal 425755/2016-9), Research Support Foundation of Rio Grande do Sul (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, FAPERGS, Edital Pesquisador Gaúcho, Project 1995-2551/13-7) and Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES) for financial support and scholarships.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Supplementary material

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