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Abstract
The chemical heterogeneity of reverse osmosis membrane surface and its impacts on membrane fouling were investigated using dynamic hysteresis, which is a newly developed surface analytical technique. Based on dynamic hysteresis measurements, it has been demonstrated that the chemical heterogeneity of membrane surface was greatly influenced by solution—pH and ionic strength. Significant variation of dynamic hysteresis was observed as solution pH changed, implying the alteration of membrane surface heterogeneity. Interestingly, there existed the interplay between chemical and physical surface heterogeneity with respect to solution ionic strength. At low ionic strength, dynamic hysteresis mostly reflected chemical surface heterogeneity, while physical surface heterogeneity played more dominant role in the change of dynamic hysteresis with increasing ionic strength. This implies that membrane fouling due to chemical surface heterogeneity of the membrane is less remarkable in seawater desalination compared to wastewater and brackish water treatments. In addition, mechanisms and factors affecting chemical and physical surface heterogeneity and their interplay with respect to solution chemistry including pH, ionic strength and divalent cation concentration are discussed and elucidated.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MLTM) for supporting this study through Seawater Engineering & Architecture of High Efficiency Reverse Osmosis (SEAHERO) programme.
Notes
The 4th International Desalination Workshop (IDW4), 16–18 November 2011, Jeju Island, South Korea
*Zeta potential was determined at the background electrolyte solution of 10 mM KCl.