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ARTICLES

Late Holocene Coastal Intensification, Mass Harvest Fishing, and the Historical Ecology of Marine Estuaries: The View from the Manila Site (CA-HUM-321), Humboldt Bay, Northwestern Alta California

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Pages 1-35 | Published online: 05 May 2016
 

Abstract

The Manila site (CA-HUM-321) is a stratified prehistoric midden site with a long history of use by the Wiyot people. The site is located on Humboldt Bay on the North Coast of California, a major estuary system of the Pacific Northwest, and is unique for its excellent preservation, depth and integrity of deposits, and its strategic location, with ready access to both open coast and estuarine resources. In this article, we report our constituent analysis of excavated materials—the first study of its kind from Humboldt Bay—involving identification and quantification of dietary and material residues, including shellfish, fish, bird, and mammal bone, paleoethnobotanical seeds and wood, and lithics. The research establishes that the site dates to over 1,300 cal BP—predating deposits excavated by CitationLoud (1918) at Tuluwat village on Gunther (Indian) Island (CA-HUM-67) by several hundred years—as well as the earliest evidence to date of the mass harvest of fish (especially smelt) and intensive shellfish procurement on the North Coast of California. The study contributes to our understanding of the historical ecology of northern California estuaries and provides insight into the emergence of bulk storage, mass capture techniques, and the development of plank house villages in the region.

Resumen

El sitio Manila (CA-HUM-321) es un conchero estratificado con larga historia de uso por parte de los Wiyot. El sitio se localiza en la Bahía de Humboldt, en la costa norte de California, uno de los estuarios mayores en el noroeste de América del Norte. Es único por su excelente nivel de conservación, profundidad e integridad de los depósitos, así como su ubicación estratégica, con acceso directo hacia la costa abierta tanto como los recursos del estuario. En este trabajo presentaremos el análisis integral de los materiales excavados—el primer estudio de este tipo en la Bahía de Humboldt—incluyendo la identificación y cuantificación de residuos alimenticios y materiales tales como conchas y caracoles, huesos de peces, aves y mamíferos, madera y semillas carbonizadas y herramientas líticas. La investigación estableció que el sitio data de por los menos 1,300 ap—antecediendo depósitos excavados por CitationLoud (1918) en el pueblo Tuluwat en la Isla Gunther (India) (CA-HUM-67) por varios siglos. También arrojó la evidencia más temprana de la cosecha masiva de peces (especialmente eperlano) y la obtención intensiva de recursos malacológicos en la costa norte de California. El estudio contribuye al entendimiento de la ecología histórica de los estuarios septentrionales de California y ofrece una visión acerca de la aparición del almacenamiento a granel, las técnicas de captura masiva y el desarrollo de los pueblos de casas tablón en la región.

Acknowledgments

We thank the Blue Lake Rancheria for collaborating with us on this project, and the Bear River Band of Rohnerville Rancheria and the Wiyot Tribe for their ongoing support. Thanks also to the many Washington State University and UC Davis students who assisted the authors with flotation and sorting activities, to Eric Wohlgemuth for providing an initial assessment of the charred plant material, and to Mario Zimmerman for translating the abstract to Spanish. We are grateful to Torben Rick, James Roscoe, and an anonymous reviewer of this article for their comments and suggestions.

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