Seroprevalence of hemorrhagic septicemia in dairy cows in Assam, India

ABSTRACT

Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) is a highly fatal disease caused by Pasteurella multocida that often cause outbreaks in buffalo and cattle in India, and thus is a major cause of production losses. It is one of the livestock diseases with the highest mortality, and despite available vaccines, outbreaks still occur. To assess the seroprevalence in the state of Assam, Northeast India, 346 serum samples from cows from 224 randomly selected households, from both urban and rural areas of three districts, were tested with a commercial ELISA. In total 88 cows were seropositive (25.4%), and indigenous cattle were significantly more seropositive (33.5%) compared to the crossbred cattle (18.5%) (p = 0.002). Herd prevalence was 35.7%, and more rural farms (47.4%) were positive compared to the urban farms (23.6%) (p < 0.001). No other risk factors were identified in this study. Only one farm had vaccinated against HS, but there were no seropositive animals detected in that herd. This study shows that HS is highly prevalent in Assam. Considering the importance of dairy production in India, and the dependence of the rural Assam population on farming and livestock keeping, more extensive vaccination campaigns would be important.

KEYWORDS:

• Pasteurella multocida
• pasteurellosis
• South Asia
• risk factors
• dairy production
• serology

Introduction

Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) is a highly fatal, acute septicemic disease in buffalo and cattle, caused by mainly two specific serotypes of Pasteurella multocida designated B:2 (Asian serotype) and E:2 (African serotype), but other serotypes have been shown to circulate in India [1–4]. Outbreaks of HS may have case fatality rates above 80% [5]. In India, HS was responsible for the highest mortality of infectious diseases in buffaloes and cattle during 1974–1986 [6], and has been estimated to cause economic losses of USD 792 million per year for the livestock industry [7].

Although several vaccine formulations are commercially available, outbreaks still occur every year in India. Vaccination campaigns at the onset of the outbreak are not efficient to stop high mortalities, and hence, identifying HS endemic areas to prioritize compulsory vaccination in the state is important to prevent outbreaks. The HS outbreak trends remain similar for the last 5 years in the state of Assam, North-East India [8]. This study was undertaken to record the seroprevalence and identify risk factors in Assam.

Materials and methods

The study was approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epdemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), all farm owners were informed about the study and gave consent to participate and to publish the data.

This study was conducted in Assam, a state of northeastern part of India through a cross-sectional survey from September to December 2016. Assam has a temperate climate (summer at 35–38°C and winter at as low as 6–8°C in some parts of the state) and heavy rainfall and high humidity prevailing in the state. In the first stage, three sample districts were purposefully selected which included two representative districts (Baska and Golaghat) along with the capital district (Kamrup) of the state. Availability of primary laboratory support and safety of the study team were considered during the selection of the districts. Two community development blocks (CDBs) (one rural and one urban) from each district were randomly selected. From each of the six CDB, four villages were selected randomly. From each selected village, 10 dairy-producing households were selected randomly and from each selected household, maximum three mature female animals were selected randomly for the collection of a blood sample for serological survey. Random selection was done by computer-generated random numbers. The required sample size was calculated to be at least 196 (estimated prevalence of 15%, 95% level of confidence and 5% precision) [9], and in total 224 households were interviewed with a pre-tested questionnaire on farming system and basic farmers details. From the interviewed households, 346 serum samples were collected with the history of animals. No buffalo was found in the interviewed households.

All the sera samples were tested in singles for anti-P. multocida antibodies using pasteurellosis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (LT Biotech, Vilnus, Lithuania) antibody Kit as per the manufacturer’s instructions and the results were interpreted based on the conversion of the optical densities to percent positivity (PP) values, with values ≥32 deemed positive. The manufacturer provided no data on specificity and sensitivity, thus all presented data are apparent prevalence.

Data were entered in excel and analyzed using Stata 14 (STATACorp Ltd) and descriptive statistics of proportions, mean, variance and standard deviation (SD) were conducted. Univariable associations between binary or categorical variables were studied by χ² test.

Results

Out of the 224 farms, 80 had at least one positive animal (35.7% herd prevalence, 95% confidence interval (CI) 29.4–42.4), four had two positive animals, and in two farms all three tested animals were positive. Significantly fewer (p < 0.001) urban farms (23.6%) were positive compared to rural (47.4%) (Table 1).

Table 1. Risk factors on farm and cow level for seropositivity for P multocida in Assam, India.

	Seropositive	Chi 2	P-value	Odds ratio (95% CI)
Herd level risk factors
Location
Urban	26/110 (23.6%)
Rural	54/114 (47.4%)	13.7	P < 0.001	2.9 (1.6–5.2)
Districts
Kamrup	26/75 (34.7%)
Baska	28/75(37.3%)
Golaghat	26/74 (35.1%	0.13	p > 0.9
Cow cleanliness level
Very clean	29/74 (39.2%)
Average	49/147 (33.3%)
Dirty	1/2 (50.0%)	2.73	P = 0.4
Cow shed cleanliness level
Very clean	29/69 (42.0%)
Average	44/139 (31.7%)
Dirty	6/15 (40%)	4.12	P = 0.25
Floor type
Concrete	70/191 (36.7%)
Not concrete	9/32 (28.1%)	2.68	P = 0.26
Disinfection frequency
Daily	1/2 (50%)
At least 1/week	4/16 (25.0%)
At least every month	14/46 (30.4%)
More seldom	7/22 (31.8%)	2.38	P = 0.67
Veterinary consultation frequency
Never	21/51 (41.2%)
Weekly (more than once per week)	0/3 (0%)
Monthly (more than once per month)	7/24 (29.2%)
Yearly	28/83 (33.7%)
More seldom	24/63 (38.1%)	3.07	P = 0.55
Training on farm management
Farmer had no training	73/202 (36.1%)
Farmer had training	7/22 (31.8%)	0.16	P = 0.69
Training on diseases
Farmer had no training	77/211 (36.5%)
Farmer had training	3/13 (23.1%)	0.96	P = 0.33
Rearing system
Fully stall fed/tied stall,	19/64 (29.7%)
Partly stall fed (grazing part time)	61/160 (38.1%)	1.42	P = 0.23
Introduction of new animals
Did not introduce animals last year	65/191 (34.0%)
Did introduce animals last year	15/33 (45.5%)	1.60	P = 0.21
Quarantine routines
No quarantine	79/219 (36.1%)
Has quarantine	1/4 (25.0%)	0.77	P = 0.7
Cow level risk factor
Breed
Cross-breed	31/168 (18.5%)
Local breeds	55/164 (33.5%)	9.8	0.002	2.2 (1.3–3.7)

In total, 88 animals were positive (25.4%, 95% confidence interval 20.9–32.4), with higher seroprevalence recorded in the indigenous cattle (33.5%) compared to crossbreed (18.5%) (p < 0.002). The highest seroprevalence was in the age group of 5–10 years (27.4%) (Table 1).

Out of the 65 (29%) households that reported that they had vaccinated their cows, 56 knew which disease they had vaccinated with one farm reportedly vaccinated against HS, and the other farm's foot and mouth disease only. In the HS vaccinated farm, all tested animals were seronegative.

Discussion

This study found an HS seroprevalence of 35.7% in three districts of Assam. Even though the three selected districts were geographically distantly located, no significant differences in the herd prevalence were observed. The farms in rural household showed significantly higher sero-prevalence compared to the urban farms. Previous findings that HS is more common in large and free-roaming herds than in smaller, well-managed and stall-fed herds [10] would support this, but our study could not find significant associations with the management system.

This study showed indigenous breeds having higher sero-positivity (33.5%) compared to crossbred animals (18.5%), which can be explained by these mainly being kept in rural areas. It has been reported that younger animals are more susceptible than older to HS [2], which is consistent with our study that had lower prevalence among the oldest age category.

Dairy production is very important in Assam, and 82% of the households have been reported to keep cattle, most commonly in small herds of up to eight animals [11]. The high sero-positivity observed may be due to factors such as rice paddy crop cultivation, which in Assam accounts for more than 90% of the total food crop area [12], which may favor outbreaks [2]. There was only one farm that had vaccinated against HS. Interestingly, in the HS vaccinated farm, all tested animals were sero-negative. Vaccination is important for prevention of HS, and in HS outbreaks disease has been observed more commonly in unvaccinated animals [13,14]. Since dairy production is very important for the rural population in Assam, vaccination against HS is an important way towards reducing losses.

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India for providing funds under ILRI–ICAR collaborative project, and the CGIAR Research Program Livestock and Fish. The authors would like to thank the donors to the CGIAR system for their support. We would like to acknowledge all farmers for their participation, Dr. H. Rahman and the Director of ICAR-NIVEDI, for their support to the project.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Rajeswari Shome

Rajeswari Shome works at ICAR-NIVEDI and has her basic qualification in veterinary sciences and doctoral degree in microbiology.  She has vast research work experience in different agroclimatic conditions like island ecosystem, north-eastern hilly regions  and southern plain lands of India While  serving in different regions, and has gained hand on experience in investigation of infectious bacterial diseases of poultry (colibacillosis, salmonellosis), pig diseases (bordetellosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis and piglet diarrhoea), bovine diseases (Para TB, BQ, HS, bovine mastitis, brucellosis, listeriosis and leptospirosis), fish diseases (edwardsiellosis, vibriosis, pop eye disease and ulcerative syndrome) and exploration of marine mangrove microbes  for bioactive compounds etc.

Ram Pratim Deka

Ram Pratim Deka is a scientist at ILRI based in the office in Guwahati, Assam, India. He has a MSc in veterinary medicine, and also a MBA degree. He is working in many projects including zoonotic diseases, food safety and accelerating the dairy and pig value chains in the Northeast India region. ILRI is part of the CGIAR consortium and works with partners worldwide to enhance the roles that livestock play in food security and poverty alleviation, principally in Africa and Asia and is a member of the CGIAR Consortium, a global research partnership of 15 centres working with many partners for a food-secure future. ILRI headquarters is in Nairobi, Kenya with a principal campus in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and offices in East, West and Southern Africa and South, Southeast and East Asia.

Swati Sahay

Swati Sahay is a young scientist at ICAR-NIVEDI where she is working to obtain her PhD.

Delia Grace

Delia Grace is an epidemiologist and leads the Health Program at ILRI and the Flagship on Food Safety in the CGIAR research program on agriculture and health. She has been a lead researcher in food safety in informal markets for several decades. She has led or contributed to evidence syntheses and investment advice for World Bank, DFID, USAID, ACIAR, BMGF, FAO, OIE, WHO, AU-IBAR, OECD and others.

Johanna F. Lindahl

Johanna Lindahl is a veterinary epidemiologist working at International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in Nairobi Kenya, and adjunct at Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences as well as Uppsala University. Johanna graduated from Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences after doing her PhD working on Japanese encephalitis virus in Vietnam. Since her PhD she has been focusing her research on food safety, and vector-borne, zoonotic and emerging infectious diseases in developing countries, mainly East Africa and South and Southeast Asia. In addition to this, she is coordinating a number of aflatoxin projects within ILRI.