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Notes
1. León-Portilla, Miguel. 2000. Tonantzin-Guadalupe: Pensamiento náhuatl y mensaje cristiano en el ‘Nican mopohua’, Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Econónimca: 133.
2. There is extensive scholarly debate about the origins and authorship of the various early accounts of the Virgin’s appearance at Tepeyac, see for example, Poole, Stafford. 1995. Our Lady of Guadalupe: the origins and sources of a Mexican national symbol, 1531-1797. Tucson: University of Arizona Press; and Brading, David. 2002. Mexican Phoenix: Our Lady of Guadalupe: image and tradition across five centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. See Hall, James. 1974. Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art. London: John Murray, for a useful summary of the doctrine and associated imagery in art.
4. See for example, Lafaye, Jacques. 1976. Quetzalcóatl and Guadalupe: The Formation of Mexican National Consciousness 1531–1813. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Burkhart, Louise M. 1990. The Cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexico. New York: Crossroad Publishing Company.
5. See for example O'Gorman, Edmundo. 1991. Destierro de sombras: luz en el origen de la imagen y culto de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe del Tepeyac. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Moffit, John Francis. 2006. Our Lady of Guadalupe: the painting, the legend and the reality. Jefferson: McFarland; Poole, Our Lady of Guadalupe; Brading, Mexican Phoenix.
6. Orsini Dunnington, Jacqueline and Mann, Charles. 1997. Viva Guadalupe!: The Virgin in New Mexican Popular Art. Albuquerque: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1997; Cuadriello, Jaime et al. 2004. Zodíaco mariano: 250 años de la declaración pontificia de María de Guadalupe como patrono de México. Mexico: Museo de la Basílica de Guadalupe; Peña, Elaine A. 2011. Performing Piety: Making space sacred with the Virgin of Guadalupe. Berkeley CA: University of California Press; Rodriguez, Jeanette. 2010. Our Lady of Guadalupe: Faith and empowerment among Mexican-American women. Austin: University of Texas Press.
7. Sebastián, Santiago. 1990. El Barroco Iberoamericano: Mensaje Iconográfico. Madrid: Ediciones Encuentro: 54.
8. Schulenburg Prado, Guillermo. 2003. Memorias del “último Abad de Guadalupe”. Mexico: Miguel Angel Porrúa SA: 69.
9. Schulenburg, Memorias: 75.
10. ibid.: 83.
11. ibid.: 71. (Schulenburg does not provide a clear chronology and rarely gives dates of meetings or decisions).
12. ibid.: 71.
13. Artigas, Juan B. 2010. ‘La Basilica del siglo XX en La Villa de Guadalupe, Bitácora Arquitectura 20: 59.
14. Schulenburg, Memorias: 72.
15. López Rangel, Rafael. 2003. ‘José Luis Benlliure’, Bitácora Arquitectura 9: 10.
16. Schulenburg, Memorias: 76.
17. López Rangel, Rafael. 2003. ‘José Luis Benlliure’, Bitácora Arquitectura 9: 6.
18. del Cueto Ruiz-Funes, Juan Ignacio. 2010. ‘Presencia del exilio republicano español en la arquitectura mexicana’, Arquitextos, 10: April, available online: http://www.vitruvius.es/revistas/read/arquitextos/10.119/3353 (accessed 20 July 2014).
19. Faber, Colin. 1963. Candela, the Shell Builder. New York: Reinhold, New York: 77.
20. López Rangel. op cit.: 10.
21. Schulenburg, Memorias: 247.
22. ibid.: 86.
23. ibid.: 90. Funding was also raised, with Echeverría’s approval, through the sale of ‘Guadalupan bonds’, Brading, Mexican Phoenix: 336.
24. Schulenburg, Memorias: 104.
25. ibid.: 96.
26. ibid.: 91.
27. Davis, Diane E. 2009. “The Modern City. From the Reforma-Peralvillo to the Torre Bicentenario: the Clash of ‘History’ and ‘Progress’ in the Urban Development of Modern Mexico City.” In Newson, Linda and King, John (eds) Mexico through History and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 55–82.
28. Schulenburg, Memorias: 91.
29. ibid.: 91.
30. Trueblood, Beatrice and Chauvet, Janine. 1979. Pedro Ramírez Vázquez: un architecte mexicain. Stuttgart: Krämer: 132.
31. McAndrew, John. 1965. The Open-Air Chapels of Sixteenth-Century Mexico. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
32. Schulenburg, Memorias: 117.
33. Brading, Mexican Phoenix: 9.
34. Schulenburg, Memorias: 127.
35. For example, Imagenes Guadalupanas Cuatro Siglos (exhibition catalog) Centro Cultural/ Arte Contemporáneo, Mexico 1987, was an ambitious exhibition that included over 300 works of art relating to the Virgin of Guadalupe. The scholarly catalog includes photographs of altarpieces of other churches dedicated to the Virgin of Guadalupe as well as examples of contemporary art inspired by the image, but makes no reference to nor does it include any photographs of the new Basilica nor the physical location of the original. Given that the new Basilica had been completed scarcely 10 years earlier it is tempting to see this as deliberate, especially as Ramírez Vázquez is thanked in the introduction but without specifying for what.
36. Schulenburg, Memorias: 87.
37. Artigas: 61.
38. Trueblood, Beatrice and Chauvet, Janine. op cit: 132.
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Valerie Fraser
Valerie Fraser specializes in the art and architecture of Latin America. She is Professor Emerita in the School of Philosophy and Art History at the University of Essex.