Toxoplasmosis awareness, seroprevalence and risk behavior among pregnant women in the Gampaha district, Sri Lanka

Abstract

Background: Primary gestational toxoplasmosis can be transmitted to the fetus with deleterious effects on the pregnancy. There is very little information regarding gestational toxoplasmosis in Sri Lanka. This survey was done to determine the prevalence and awareness of toxoplasmosis and to identify risk factors of infection among pregnant women in the Gampaha district, Sri Lanka.

Methods: Women attending obstetric clinics at the Colombo North Teaching Hospital in 2014 were tested for Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) specific Immunoglobulins G (IgG) and M (IgM) subtypes using the OnSite Toxo IgG/IgM Rapid Test-Dip Strip^®. Disease awareness and risk behaviors of the participants were investigated.

Results: Of the 293 participants (mean age 27 years, SD ± 5.92), 38% were primigravidae with a mean gestational age of 16.2 weeks (SD 7). The prevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies was 12.3% (n = 36) and zero, respectively. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios were calculated to determine risk factors of infection (cat-ownership, handling cats, consumption of meat, commercial meals and unwashed raw vegetables and fruits, handling soil and not washing hands after handling soil). On bivariate analysis, eating commercially prepared meals weekly or more was associated with toxoplasma seroprevalence with marginal statistical significance. On multivariate analysis, none of the considered risk factors were significant. Toxoplasma awareness was 4.4% (n = 13); health personnel (46.2%, n = 6) and media (53.8%, n = 7) being sources of information.

Conclusions: Health education programs to increase awareness of toxoplasmosis is recommended at antenatal clinics.

Keywords:

• Awareness
• Pregnancy
• Seroprevalence
• Sri Lanka
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Risk factors

Acknowledgments

We thank Mr H. Sudusinghe, technical officer of the Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya for providing excellent technical support, the nursing staff of the obstetric Clinics of the NCTH for their support and the study participants for their compliance.

Funding

Funding of this work by the research grant [grant number RP/03/04/10/01/2013] of the University of Kelaniya is acknowledged.