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Case

Creativity–decision processes: the case of Italian luxury fashion

创新性决策过程:意大利时尚奢侈品案例研究

Pages 60-74 | Received 11 Nov 2013, Accepted 20 Nov 2013, Published online: 24 Apr 2014
 

Abstract

This study analyzes Italian knitwear manufacturers that operate in international consumer and business markets, and assesses the different forms of competition that exist between them. The purpose of the research is to analyze the different positioning of these firms within the chain of production that they belong to. A framework is proposed to study firms that deal with fashion, that operate in different competitive contexts and that have to launch new products frequently. Sweater manufacturers adopt marketing strategies that are based on a constant growth of marketing capacity (specialized and structural), in order to allow them to enjoy a leading role in micro-segments of world markets. Through multiple case studies, this paper provides a deeper understanding of the strategic decisions regarding marketing and productive activities. The purpose of the paper is to describe and discuss how the integration of intra-organizational competence affects the creative processes of firms. The paper contributes to research on creativity through discussing the issue in the context of interaction and provides many implications for management practice and avenues for future academic research.

本文研究中等规模公司所采用的面向多个国内市场的时尚营销策略,评估这些策略对营业额,利润收入和市场份额的影响。

不断提升的产品复杂性,更高的顾客要求以及更为激烈的竞争使得销售市场的挑战越来越多。为了应对各种挑战并实现目标, 销售主管需要重新定义销售部门的战略目标,并联合销售管理部门进行调控管理。本研究调查在充满挑战的市场环境下,销售部门作为战略导向在创业导向上的重要性;以及销售管理部门的调控在预测销售部门导向上的起到的角色作用。

营销手段不仅要定位于对特别和时不时出现的新产品进行企划设计(flash collections, 前期测试, 促销活动),即测试产品会吸引哪些目标顾客群体,并选择部分零售商(营销测试),而且还要着眼于组织内部关系的系统化管理和理想化 (关系营销);最终目标定位于具体的中短期目标的达成 (顾客满意, 零售商的最佳销售, 对目前营销模式的选择和进入国外市场,经济和财务表现)。即使是在最近几年经济萧条的情况下,对特殊市场份额的敏感度仍在上升,消费者的购买行为以选择行为的高度个人化为特征,消费者在购买物品上的选择日趋注重产品的个性化和精神化。

企业特别是在国际化背景下经营的企业,越来越深刻的体会到市场竞争的激烈,竞争在积极性进攻策略和包含市场细分策略的出其不意的策略调整中愈演愈烈。

本调查的意大利针织公司跳出这种竞争游戏,清晰明确地表明其在意大利针织行业(或细分行业)的定位。由此,它们还避免了意大利竞争者的冲击。值得注意的是第一,意大利的针织行业经历了高度整合过程(行业企业数量减少); 第二,在本研究中调查对象,处于供给链上的企业,将产品的意大利制造作为市场细分策略,采纳并且至今仍在自然地保护企业并且有效避免流动性。

针织企业为了实现产品供给区别化,生产商(上游领域专业化),在其产品上出现了特殊化趋势 (线的种类, 服装技术属性, “耐穿性”, 功能性, 使用等.), 特别是没有改变工厂地理位置但是选择创新其生产活动和管理技术的企业,接受其企业出身位置, 在针织生产领域(整体系统地区, 区域化, 开士米山谷)Footnote1强调自身的传统性,人力资源和企业家精神。

不论是在国内还是国外,相比决定和增强品牌价值的产品定位,这更是一种处于竞争环境中的公司定位。更重要的是,由于有效的市场细分和在需求链上的正确定位,针织产品可以避免成为轻易被产品销售商和最终消费者更换的容易代换品。

本研究目的在于发现企业,尤其是行业领头企业的意识。即,市场细化策略要求企业采用既是自下而上又是自上而下的方法,来从当前出现的微细化市场划分中收益。这种意识表明了在不同的区域背景下的不同特点,并且如果这种意识被恰当的零售方式体现出来,就要臆测这种意识的最原始形式。

本研究的目的还在于表明确认创新性选择的模式化,来重新建立企划和设计(样品的规划)和生产活动。

由于本文的探索性质,采用了案例研究的方法。确切的说,本文是基于在意大利针织企业中进行的实证研究。本研究通过规划设计良好的问卷而进行,也通过对企业研究中心的多次采访,在众多领域(营销, 企划, 生产, 财务)的主管的参与下,验证本研究的假设。

本研究采用了验证和演绎的方法(以及普遍采用的正面解说方式)。

本研究从概念的范畴来支持供给管理,并在需求结构上解析企业定位,从而可以实现企业定位的完善(竞争性策略方面的重新定位) 接下来我们分析了公司的学习定位,供应链(对上和对下)方面的合作形式,和创新形式的关系。并且,公司内部合作形式的考察性学习也同产品创新相关。

最后,本文对研究结果进行评估,来提出在营销决策过程方面的启示。

本文促进了研究的创新性,同时丰富了现有理论和实践上的管理证据。由于研究中采用了中小型企业案例,本文实践方面的启示应用到较大公司的管理上时,需要考虑到小型企业的特殊特点。

Notes

1. 一些关于机会成本在营销方面的有趣的科学特点,以信息流通的不完善为特点,此论点已经被 Brocas and Carrillo (Citation2009), Furusawa and Konishi (Citation2007), Matsushima (Citation2009) 证支持.

2. This concerns an exploratory market vision that guides the processes of development of products where there is some uncertainty as to whether the innovative contents are encompassed in final products that obtain the success desired in particular global niches.

3. Some interesting scientific contributions regarding the opportunity cost of learning in markets characterized by imperfect circulation of information have been recently supplied by Matsushima (Citation2009) and Langner and Krengel (Citation2013).

4. As can be observed in the personalization of the supply and possibly also in the price, they are maneuvers called “reverse marketing”.

5. In each test the distributor (in cases in which we are dealing with a chain of distribution) introduces a new product for a short period of time in only one of the shops and uses the data related to the amount of sales realized (of the new product) as a key input in its own forecasting process (Fisher & Rajaram, Citation2000).

6. The activities of study and anticipation of market tendencies are strictly connected to the capacity to begin programs of real-time market research.

7. Regarding this subject, it was affirmed that during the launch phase (introduction) of complex products, firms that have to deal with turbulent and dynamic market contexts must reduce the barriers towards their stakeholders through investments in communication, managing industrial relations with supply chain partners (Talke & Hultink, Citation2010).

8. The firms analyzed do not make, and do not think of making in the future, a transversal form of knitwear production.

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