Abstract
The purpose of this article is to present a systematic review of the structural and psychometric properties of 20 Whiteness scales that relate to multiple dimensions of Whiteness (i.e., racism, antiracism, race essentialism, White racial identity, White racial consciousness, colorblind racial ideology, White privilege, psychosocial costs of racism, and White fragility). Furthermore, we identify the frequency of scale use and the 10 underlying theoretical assumptions upon which their development and validation are based. Findings indicate that while many of the underlying assumptions of Whiteness are shared across scales, there is great variation in scale development and validation procedures as well as concerns related to reliability estimates and norming procedures. We provide implications for counselor training and research to maximize the use of these scales as White counselors seek to engage in culturally competent practice.
Disclosure Statement
We have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Danica G. Hays
Danica G. Hays is a Professor and Interim Dean in the College of Education at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Hannah B. Bayne
Hannah B. Bayne is an Assistant Professor,
Jan L. Gay
Jan L. Gay and Zachary P. McNiece are doctoral students, and Cheolwoo Park is a master's student in the School of Human Development and Organizational Studies in Education at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida.