Mood, expertise, analogy, and ritual: an experiment using the five-disk Tower of Hanoi

Abstract

We used game playing as a proxy for religious ritual in a study of the differential effects of euphoric and dysphoric mood – focusing on expertise and analogical reasoning. Previous research demonstrates that euphoric individuals think more broadly and schematically, and that dysphoric individuals are more focused and details-oriented. We investigated the effect of mood on analogical transfer in four conditions: (1) expert euphoric; (2) expert dysphoric; (3) nonexpert euphoric; and (4) nonexpert dysphoric. Mood was induced from watching a 10-minute video (a comedy excerpt to induce euphoria; a realistic depiction of nuclear war for dysphoria). The affect grid was used for a manipulation check. In expert conditions, participants first played the five-disk Tower of Hanoi (TOH) game, followed by the Bear God (BG) task, a new isomorph of TOH (same rules, different surface features). Participants were not told about the hidden isomorphism. In nonexpert conditions, participants played an unrelated game first. Based on prior literature, it would be possible that dysphoria could either hamper or enhance analogical reasoning. We found evidence for the latter – superior performance in the dysphoric BG task – but only in the expert condition. The implication for religion is that expertise and dysphoria have special cognitive functions in ritual.

Keywords:

• analogy
• anxiety
• emotion
• mood
• religion
• ritual
• thinking
• Tower of Hanoi

Acknowledgments

We thank Alain and Tobie Gobet for programming the computer games, 67 students at Brunel University, and the organizers of CEM09 in Tunisia (especially Dr Masmoudi) and IAHR 2010 in Toronto. For administrative support, we thank Barbara de Bruine, Dr Claire White, Dr Jon Lanman, Sarah-Jane White, Dr Jesse Bering, Shane Gavaghan, Tricia Lock, Shereen Sinclair, and Dr Karen Johnson. Thank to you to Dr Michael Buhrmester, Professor Richard Sosis, and anonymous reviewers for comments.

Additional information

Funding

This research was funded by a research grant from the European Commission [EC-FP6 EXREL project 43225]. Yvan Russell was partly funded by the German Initiative of Excellence of the German Science Foundation (DFG). This work was also supported by an ESRC Large Grant [REF RES-060-25-0085] entitled “Ritual, Community, and Conflict” (Whitehouse).