Beliefs, evolution, and psychiatric symptoms

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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1 A few examples are: general anxiety (e.g., “A situation or a person is unsafe until proven to be safe”; Beck et al., 1985) and paranoid personality (e.g., “I cannot trust anyone”; Fenigstein & Vanable, 1992). Beck (1967) identified three dysfunctional beliefs among patients with depression: beliefs about one’s self (e.g., “I am completely useless”), beliefs about the world, especially one’s life (e.g., “My life is a mess”), and beliefs about the future (e.g., “Things will never get better”).