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Articles

Science and issue advocacy in a forestry debate in Northern Finland

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Pages 125-138 | Published online: 01 Jun 2012
 

Abstract

Scientists can use a number of strategies to inform policymakers. They can be “honest brokers” by communicating a variety of management options and opening up discussion about a range of uncertainties, or they can be “issue advocates” by arguing for specific management options. This article looks at a forestry debate between two groups of scientists in northern Finland and maps their argumentative strategies. Three strategies are distinguished relating to: (1) the state of the resource and its indicators; (2) scalar framing; and (3) future uncertainties due to climate change. Use of these strategies revealed polarized arguments about risks and sustainability, but seemed not to provide middle ground proposals for management options. This can be explained, we argue, because the conflict situation produces an easily polarized debate where it is a risk to play “honest broker”. It seems that the deeper scientists go in the defence of the preferred management option, the more they reduce their ability to provide neutral and credible policy advice.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Emil Aaltonen Foundation and the Academy of Finland (project number 128377) for funding this research, and the anonymous reviewers for providing constructive comments.

Notes

1“Arctic Tipping Points;” Russill and Nyssa, “Tipping Point Trend;” Romm, “Arctic Death Spiral.”

2Russill and Nyssa, “Tipping Point Trend.”

3E.g. GBO 3. Global Biodiversity Outlook. Convention on Biological Diversity.

4E.g. Bradshaw and Borchers, “Uncertainty as Information.”

5Collingridge and Reeve, Science Speaks to Power

6See also Likens, “Role of Science?”

7Sarkki et al., “Challenges to Connect Science.”

8Nuttall, “Tipping Points and the Human World,” 96.

9Stirling, “Keep it Complex,” 1029.

10Ibid.

11Pielke, Honest Broker.

12E.g. Stirling, “Keep it Complex;” Stirling, “ ‘Opening Up’ and ‘Closing Down’.”

13Pielke, Honest Broker.

14See Van der Sluijs, “Uncertainty as a Monster;” Wardekker et al., “Uncertainty Communication.”

15Stirling, “Keep it Complex”.

16Van den Hove, “Rationale for Science–Policy Interfaces.”

17Funtowicz and Ravetz, “Science for the Post-Normal Age.”

18Researchers’ letter, “Avoin kirje maa- ja metsätalousministerille;” Korhonen, “Metsähallituksen kirje Lapin metsien hakkuista huolestuneille tutkijoille;” Hanski et al., “Keskustelussa metsien kestävästä käytöstä ja suojelusta on sivuutettu olennaisia kysymyksiä;” METLA, “Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen lausunto tutkijoiden kirjeestä Maa- ja metsätalousministerille.”

19Berglund, “Facts, Beliefs and Biases;” Raitio, “You can’t please everyone;” Sarkki and Heikkinen, “Social Movements’ Pressure Strategies;” Sarkki, “‘The Site Strikes Back’.”

20Raitio, “You can’t please everyone; Sarkki, “‘The Site Strikes Back’.”

21Greenpeace, Luonto-Liitto, Suomen luonnonsuojeluliitto, “Metsä-Lapin suojelemattomat metsäerämaat 2009”.

22Raitio, “You can’t please everyone, 106–08.

23Ibid., 120–4.

24Rytteri, Metsän haltija, 152.

25Raitio, “You can’t please everyone,” 123.

26WWF, “WWF Suomen kanta Metsä-Lapin hakkuisiin;” Greenpeace, Luonto-Liitto, Suomen luonnonsuojeluliitto, “Metsä-Lapin suojelemattomat metsäerämaat 2009.”

27Researchers’ letter, “Avoin kirje maa- ja metsätalousministerille.”

28METLA, ”Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen lausunto tutkijoiden kirjeestä Maa- ja metsätalousministerille.”

29Korhonen, “Metsähallituksen kirje Lapin metsien hakkuista huolestuneille tutkijoille.”

30Hanski et al., “Keskustelussa metsien kestävästä käytöstä ja suojelusta on sivuutettu olennaisia kysymyksiä.”

VMI means inventories of state forests.

31METLA, “Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen lausunto tutkijoiden kirjeestä Maa- ja metsätalousministerille.”

32Ibid.

33Ibid.

34Researchers’ letter, “Avoin kirje maa- ja metsätalousministerille.”

35Hanski et al., ”Keskustelussa metsien kestävästä käytöstä ja suojelusta on sivuutettu olennaisia kysymyksiä.”

36E.g. Deremitt, “Scientific Forest Conservation.”

37E.g. Turnhout, “Effectiveness of Boundary Objects.”

38See Turnhout, Hisschemöller, and Eijsackers, “Ecological Indicators.”

39METLA, “Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen lausunto tutkijoiden kirjeestä Maa- ja metsätalousministerille.”

40E.g. Ghate, “Global Gains.”

41Researchers’ letter, “Avoin kirje maa- ja metsätalousministerille.”

42Korhonen, “Metsähallituksen kirje Lapin metsien hakkuista huolestuneille tutkijoille.”

43METLA, “Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen lausunto tutkijoiden kirjeestä Maa- ja metsätalousministerille.”

44Stora Enso, “Sustainability Facts;” Stora Enso, “Stora Enso is Committed.”

45Metsähallitus, “Metsä-Lapin kiista sovittu;” Greenpeace, “Sopimus säästää 35000 hehtaaria arvokasta metsää Lapissa.”

46Kyllönen et al., “Conflict Management.”

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