Cryptic variation in the Moroccan high altitude lizard Atlantolacerta andreanskyi (Squamata: Lacertidae)

Abstract

Atlantolacerta andreanskyi is a mountain specialist lacertid lizard, restricted to areas above 2400 m of the High Atlas Mountains of Morocco, with apparently no geographic connection between different populations. In a recent molecular study, populations from A. andreanskyi collected across its distribution area were analysed, showing unprecedented levels of genetic differentiation for mitochondrial markers, which were also partially differentiated for nuclear markers. Here we aim to investigate, for the first time, the phenotypic variability of this species, using univariate and multivariate analyses on linear measurements, pholidotic and coloration characters in six populations of A. andreanskyi previously analysed genetically and covering most of its distribution range. The results show that despite the high genetic divergence previously detected, morphological variation among populations was low. Thus, although some genetic lineages could be partially discriminated morphologically at a multivariate level, single diagnostic traits could not be identified, and thus, they can be considered as cryptic lineages. Although the extreme genetic diversity observed supports the existence of six independent entities, more prospecting and analysis of additional populations will be needed to confirm the evolutionary independence of the lineages before their formal description.

Key words:

• Cryptic species
• high altitude
• lacertid
• Morocco
• morphology

Acknowledgements

Researchers are supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) under the Programa Operacional Potencial Humano – Quadro de Referência Estratégico Nacional funds from the European Social Fund and the Portuguese Ministério da Educação e Ciência (MB reference SFRH/BD/41488/2007, AP reference IF/01257/2012). This work was funded by the FCT project PTDC/BIA-BDE/74349/2006. DJH is supported by FEDER through the compete programme, project ‘Genomics and Evolutionary Biology’, co-financed by North Portugal Regional Operational Program (ON.2) under NSRF through the European Regional Development Fund. Fieldwork was conducted under permits issued by the Haut Commissariat aux Eaux et Forêts et à la Lutte Contre la Désertification from the Moroccan Government. Thanks to all colleagues from CIBIO who assisted during the hard fieldwork, especially to Fátima Jorge, Fernando Martínez-Freiría and Daniele Salvi. Thanks to Arie van der Meijden and Angelica Crottini for helping with German translations and to the comments of the editor and two anonymous referees.

Supplementary Material

Online Supplementary Material is available for this article which can be accessed via the online version of this journal available at www.tandf.co.uk/journals/THER.