Transatlantic Representations of Religion

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Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Naveed S. Sheikh, the editor of the journal, for welcoming the publication of a special issue on this topic. Earlier drafts of these articles were presented at the international conference, ‘Does God Matter? Representing Religion in the European Union and the United States’, held at Aston University, Birmingham, 12–13 November 2010. I am grateful to contributors for their papers and for stimulating debates.

Notes

¹ European Issues, 20 July 1951, The National Archives of the Netherlands, The Hague, Patijn Collectie 616: 18.

²For more on the role of the Ecumenical Commission on European Cooperation see Lucian N. Leustean, ‘The Ecumenical Movement and the Schuman Plan, 1950–54’, Journal of Church and State, 2011, 53 (3).

³For more on religion and politics in the European Union see David Martin, A General Theory of Secularisation (Oxford: Blackwell, 1978); Gerhard Robbers (ed.), State and Church in the European Union (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1996); Grace Davie, Religion in Modern Europe: a Memory Mutates (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Timothy A. Byrnes and Peter J. Katzenstein (eds), Religion in an Expanding Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006); Jeffrey Haynes, Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics (London: Routledge, 2009); Lucian N. Leustean and John T.S. Madeley, Religion, Politics and Law in the European Union (London: Routledge, 2010).

⁵For the most up-to-date survey of the literature on religious representation in the United States see Allen Hertzke, ‘Religious Interest Groups in American Politics’, in Corwin E. Smidt, Lyman A. Kellstedt and James L. Guth (eds) Oxford Handbook of Religion and American Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009) (quotation from p. 300).

⁴Daniel J.B. Hofrenning, ‘Religious Lobbying’, in Robert Wuthnow (ed.), Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion (London: Routledge, 1998), vol. 2, pp. 480–483.

⁶Kenneth D. Wald, Dennis E. Owen and Samuel S. Hill, ‘Churches as Political Communities’, American Political Science Review, 82:2 (1988), pp. 531–548.

⁷For more on religion and politics in the United States see Sue E.S. Crawford and Laura R. Olson (eds), Christian Clergy in American Politics (Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press, 2001); Kenneth D. Wald and Allison Calhoun-Brown, Religion and Politics in the United States, 5th edn (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010); Laura R. Olson and Ted G. Jelen, The Religious Dimension of Political Behaviour. A Critical Analysis and Annotated Bibliography (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998); Laura R. Olson, Filled with Spirit and Power. Protestant Clergy in Politics (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2000); Robert Wuthnow, The Restructuring of American Religion (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988); John C. Green, The Faith Factor: How Religion Influences American Elections (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2007); Andrew Greeley, Religious Change in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989); Geoffrey Layman, The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001); Rodney Stark and Charles Glock, American Piety: The Nature of Religious Commitment (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1968).

⁸For more on religious representation in the United States see James Luther Adams, The Growing Church Lobby in Washington (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1970); Michael E. Bailey, ‘The Wisdom of Serpents: Why Religious Groups Use Secular Language’, Journal of Church and State, 44:2 (2002), pp. 249–269; Frank R. Baumgartner and Beth L. Leech, Basic Interests: The Importance of Groups in Politics and Political Science (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998); Peter C. Benson and Dorothy L. Williams, Religion on Capitol Hill: Myths and Realities (San Francisco, CA: Harper and Row, 1982); Edward L. Cleary and Allen D. Hertzke (eds), Representing God at the Statehouse: Religion and Politics in the American States (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006); Paul A. Djupe and Laura R. Olson (eds), Religious Interests in Community Conflict (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2007); Paul A. Djupe Laura R. Olson and Christopher P. Gilbert, ‘Sources of Support for Denominational Lobbying in Washington’, Review of Religious Research, 47:1 (2005), pp. 86–99; Jeffrey K Hadden, The Gathering Storm in the Churches (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1969); Alfred O. Hero Jr, American Religious Groups View Foreign Policy: Trends in Rank-and-File Opinion, 1937–1969 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1973); Allen D. Hertzke, Representing God in Washington: The Role of Religious Lobbies in the American Polity (Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1988); Daniel J.B. Hofrenning, In Washington But Not of It: The Prophetic Politics of Religious Lobbyist (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1995); Daniel J.B. Hofrenning, ‘Into the Public Square: Explaining the Origins of Religious Interest Groups’, Social Science Journal, 32:1 (1995), pp. 35–49; Laura R. Olson, ‘Mainline Protestant Washington Offices and the Political Lives of Clergy’, in Robert Wuthnow and John H. Evans (eds) The Quiet Hand of God: Faith-Based Activism and the Public Role of Mainline Protestantism (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002), pp. 54–79; Kenneth D. Wald and Clyde Wilcox, ‘Getting Religion: Has Political Science Rediscovered the Faith Factor?’, American Political Science Review, 100 (2006), pp. 523–529; Kenneth D. Wald, ‘Religious Elites and Public Opinion: The Impact of the Bishop's Peace Pastoral’, The Review of Politics, 54:1 (1992), pp. 112–143; Weber Paul and W. Landis Jones, U.S. Religious Interest Groups: Institutional Profiles (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1994); Robert Zwier, ‘The Power and Potential of Religious Interest Groups’, Journal of Church and State, 33 (1991), pp. 271–285; Robert Zwier, ‘An Organizational Perspective on Religious Interest Groups’, in William R. Stevenson Jr (ed.), Christian Political Activism at the Crossroads (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1994), pp. 95–119.

⁹Luke Ebersole, Church Lobbying in the Nation's Capital (New York: Macmillan, 1951).

¹⁰For more on interest representation in the European Union see Justin Greenwood, Interest Representation in the European Union (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2003); Robert J. Bennett, ‘The Impact of European Economic Integration on Business Associations: The UK Case’, West European Politics, 20:3 (1997), pp. 61–90; Jan Beyers, Rainer Eising and William Maloney, ‘Researching Interest Group Politics in Europe and Elsewhere: Much We Study, Little We Know?’, West European Politics, 31:6 (2008), pp. 1103–1128; Pieter Bouwen, ‘Corporate Lobbying in the European Union: the Logic of Access’, Journal of European Public Policy, 9:3 (2002), pp. 365–390; David Coen and Jeremy Richardson (eds), Lobbying the European Union: Institutions, Actors and Issues (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

¹¹Bryan Cassidy, European Lobbying Guide. A Guide on Whom and How to Lobby (London: Hawksmere, 1999), p. 5.

¹²Hertzke, ‘Religious Interest Groups in American Politics’, op. cit., p. 304.