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Original Articles

Re-scaling of Interest Groups in Modern Italy

Pages 249-269 | Received 29 Apr 2014, Published online: 06 Oct 2014
 

Abstract

This article compares the re-scaling of interest groups in Italy after institutional reforms that increased the policy competences and financial resources of regional governments. Regional units have substantially increased their autonomy within the group organisation, becoming exclusively responsible for managing an intensified relationship with regional governments. Provincial units nevertheless continue to control financial resources and membership ties, while the central level determines strategic choices. The study confirms a highly fragmented interest group environment with a huge disparity of resources between actors. Financial resources of the same interest groups in different regions vary enormously, reflecting the divergent economic dynamics between northern and southern Italy. This raises questions of representative legitimacy for groups claiming to advance nationwide interests. Political parties remain important ties of reference for interest groups; yet relations between these actors are more fluid and less dependent than in the past. In northern regions, bureaucratic actors are viewed as more impartial and defensive of their sector than politicians, introducing new access points for marginalised groups. Regional governments take a territorially differentiated approach to structuring their relations with interest groups: pluralism with privileged access for business associations in northern Italy, neo-corporatist arrangements based on the notion of concertazione in central Italy, and more clientelist patterns of behaviour in southern Italy.

Extracto

En este artículo se compara la reclasificación de los grupos de interés en Italia tras las reformas institucionales que han hecho aumentar las competencias políticas y los recursos financieros de los Gobiernos regionales. Las unidades regionales han aumentado en gran medida su autonomía dentro de la organización del grupo, llegando a responsabilizarse exclusivamente de gestionar una relación intensa con los Gobiernos regionales. Sin embargo, las unidades provinciales continúan controlando los recursos financieros y los vínculos con los miembros, mientras que el nivel central determina la mayoría de las opciones estratégicas. En este estudio se confirma un entorno de grupos de interés altamente fragmentado con una enorme desigualdad de los recursos entre los actores. Los recursos financieros de los mismos grupos de interés en las diferentes regiones varían enormemente, lo que refleja las dinámicas divergentes de la economía entre el norte y el sur de Italia. Esto plantea la cuestión de la legitimidad representativa de los grupos que afirman impulsar los intereses nacionales. Los partidos políticos siguen siendo vínculos importantes de referencia para los grupos de interés, no obstante, las relaciones entre estos actores son más fluidas y menos dependientes que antes. En las regiones del norte, se considera que los actores burocráticos son más imparciales y defienden más su sector que los políticos, introduciendo nuevos puntos de acceso para grupos marginados. Los Gobiernos regionales adoptan un planteamiento territorialmente diferenciado para estructurar sus relaciones con los grupos de interés, por ejemplo mediante el pluralismo con acceso privilegiado para las asociaciones comerciales en el norte de Italia, acuerdos neocorporativistas basados en la noción de concertazione en el centro de Italia y patrones de conducta más clientelistas en el sur de Italia.

摘要

本文比较意大利政党政治环境的剧烈变革中,在促进区域政府的政策能力与财政资源的制度改革之后,利益团体的再尺度化。区域性单位在群体组织内,大幅增加了自主性,并日益专司管理与区域政府之间强化的关係之责。省级单位仍然继续控制财政资源与成员的联系,而中央层级则决定大部份的策略性选择。本研究証实有着高度碎裂的利益团体环境,并伴随着行动者之间资源的悬殊差异。在不同区域中,相同利益团体的财政资源差异巨大,反映出北意大利与南意大利之间分歧的经济动态。此般现象引发了特定群体宣称促进全国利益的再现正当性问题。政党仍然作为利益团体的重要联系参照,但这些行动者之间的关係,却较过往更为流动、且较少具依赖性。在北方的区域,官僚行动者较政治家而言,被认为更公正、且更具有部门的自我防卫性,因此为边缘化的群体引入新的管道。区域政府运用在领域上差异化的方法,结构它们与利益团体之间的关係,从授予商会特权管道的北意大利多元主义、仰赖谘商(concertazione) 的中意大利新统合主义安排,到南意大利更为侍从式的行为模式不等。

Résumé

Cet article compare la restructuration des groupes d'intérêt en Italie suite aux réformes institutionnelles qui ont rehaussé les compétences en matière de politiques et les ressources financières des gouvernements régionaux. Les unités régionales ont augmenté sensiblement leur autonomie au sein de l'organisation du groupe, devenant ainsi chargées exclusivement de la gestion d'une relation renforcée avec les gouvernements régionaux. Toujours est-il que les unités provinciales maintiennent le contrôle des ressources financières et les liens d'appartenance, alors que le niveau central détermine la plupart des choix stratégiques. L’étude confirme que le contexte des groupes d'intérêt s'avère très fragmenté, dont une grande disparité des ressources selon les acteurs. Les ressources financières des mêmes groupes d'intérêt dans des régions différentes varient sensiblement, ce qui reflète la dynamique économique divergente dans le nord de l'Italie par rapport au sud. Cela remet en question la légitmité représentative des groupes qui prétendent avancer des intérêts d'envergure nationale. Les partis politiques sont toujours d'importants liens de référence pour les groupes d'intérêt, cependant les relations entre ces acteurs sont plus fluides et moins dépendantes que par le passé. Dans les régions septentrionales, on considère les acteurs bureaucratiques comme plus impartiaux et plus défensifs de leur secteur que ne le sont les hommes politiques, facilitant de nouveaux points d'accès pour les groupes marginalisés. L'approche des gouvernements régionaux quant à la restructuration de leurs relations avec les groupes d'intérêt s'avère différenciée sur le plan territorial, allant du pluralisme avec accès privilégié pour les associations commerciales dans le nord de l'Italie, à des dispositions néocorporatistes fondées sur la notion de concertazione dans le centre, et à des modes de comportement plus clientélistes dans le sud.

Funding

This project received grant funding from the UK Economic and Social Research Council.

Notes

1. The former Secretary-General of CGIL, Guglielmo Epifani, became interim leader of the PD for several months between the resignation of Pierluigi Bersani and the election of Matteo Renzi as party leader in 2013.

2. CGIL remains strongest in the unionised private sector (a small percentage of the workforce), whereas CISL is equal in strength to CGIL in the public sector and among retirees. UIL is concentrated in the public sector and southern Italy.

3. Liguria is a small region whose economy is heavily dominated by FIAT, an automobile company of strategic importance. This may have prompted national elites of business associations to intervene more directly in regional politics than in other regions characterised by clusters of SMEs.

4. The three ‘confederal’ trade unions in Italy have been unable to respond to a major increase in temporary contracts in the services sector (where their membership levels remain negligible), and have suffered from the secular decline of permanent contracts in the industrial sector, alongside the recent decline in public sector employment prompted by the financial crisis. They also face membership challenges from ‘militant unions’ (particularly in the public sector) as well as independent unions focused on a specific sector or type of employee (e.g. air-line pilots).

5. In demographic terms, Lombardy is the largest region in Italy (16.7%), followed by Campania (9.7%), with Tuscany only in ninth place (6.2%). CGIL is the largest union throughout Italy with around 5.65 million members (2009), 16.2% based in Lombardy, and 9.9% based in Tuscany. CISL claims over 2.1 million members (2008), with a high share in Lombardy (18.8%) and a much lower share in Tuscany (5.5%). Both unions are much weaker in southern Italy, with Campania accounting for only 6% of CGIL members and 5.1% of CISL members. UIL is the third confederal union and claims 1.87 million members nationwide (2010), though its support base is heavily concentrated in southern Italy. Campania alone accounts for 10% of UIL members, where it is the second largest trade union after CGIL. Unusually the region of Campania accounts for more UIL members than either Lombardy (9.9%) or Tuscany (4%).

6. This changed in October 2012 when Formigoni was compelled to resign due to a spate of corruption scandals in his administration. In the ensuing regional election, the centre–right coalition won again but with the new Northern League leader, Roberto Maroni, elected Regional President. Formigoni was later elected to the Italian Parliament in 2013 and broke away from Berlusconi's movement as part of a broader defection of former supporters led by Angelino Alfano.

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