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Articles

Metropolitan regions as contested spaces: the discursive construction of metropolitan space in comparative perspective

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Pages 199-221 | Received 20 Jan 2017, Accepted 26 May 2017, Published online: 27 Jul 2017
 

ABSTRACT

Metropolitan regions as contested spaces: the discursive construction of metropolitan space in comparative perspective. Territory, Politics, Governance. This paper explores how metropolitan space as a spatial category of politics and policies is constructed discursively. It sheds a light on a variety of discursive, ideational or cognitive practices that contribute to the production of metropolitan scales. It understands metropolitan space as an outcome of political processes or of policies with a metropolitan scope. However, these discursive processes constructing metropolitan space are far from constituting a unitary phenomenon. Exploring the discursive construction of metropolitan space as a social-spatial phenomenon moves from the assumption that the object of analysis does not represent an ontologically given category, but is a socially and politically constructed reality. Our analysis is based on contrasting four heterogeneous cases in which a significant variety of definitions and understandings of metropolitan space is present: Berlin, New York, Paris and Rome. Therefore, our approach privileges an interpretive perspective on how political practices and policy discourses constitute multiple ontologies of metropolitan space, and on how their interplay, as the expression of power relations and patterns of influence, may define specific trajectories of rescaling and scale effects.

摘要

城市研究与拓扑学思考。Territory, Politics, Governance. 本文探讨拓扑学思考如何能够作为有效的啓发,为探索如何能够在地理区位之间进行最佳比较与一般化者,增加的概念弹性。我们回顾运用形态学作为思考连接性、空间与空间关系的工具的既有文献。我们主张,当思考元素之间的关系、而非其间的距离时,透过拓扑学思考将有所帮助,例如有关创意实践如何在城市发展中进行,并结合具有区别的地方与实践,生产出相似的城市形态。拓扑学思考,同时有助于进行一般化与比较,但却不用诉诸普世的真理或生产有关城市形式、实践或元素的普世宣称。我们运用两座玻璃博物馆之间的关系——一座位于美国华盛顿的塔科马,另一座位于中国上海——取得这些拓扑学思考的要点。我们检视有关创意的特定表现与实践,特别是在儿童设计玻璃的课程中,如何形塑每座博物馆的关系与物质性,我们并主张,正是通过创意实践,这些场所以拓扑学的方式‘结合在一起’。我们于结论中主张,拓扑学的思考,能对深植于城市研究中的预设与范畴提出额外的质疑。

RÉSUMÉ

Les zones métropolitaines en tant qu’espaces contestés: la construction discursive de l’espace métropolitain d’un point de vue comparatif. Territory, Politics, Governance. Ce présent article cherche à examiner comment on construit dans le discours l’espace métropolitain en tant que catégorie spatiale de la politique et des politiques. Il met en lumière toute une gamme de pratiques discursives, conceptuelles et cognitives qui contribuent à la construction des échelles métropolitaines. Il considère l’espace métropolitain comme le résultat des processus politiques ou des politiques de portée métropolitaine. Cependant, ces processus discursifs qui construisent l’espace métropolitain sont loin de constituer un phénomène unitaire. Examiner la construction discursive de l’espace métropolitain comme un phénomène socio-spatial passe de la supposition que l’objet de l’analyse ne représente pas une catégorie déterminé au niveau ontologique, plutôt c’est une réalité construite à l’échelon social et sur le plan politique. On met en contraste quatre études de cas hétérogènes contrastées dans lesquelles une gamme importante de définitions et d’interprétations de l’espace métropolitain se présentent: dont Berlin, New York, Paris et Rome. Alors, l’approche favorise un point de vue interprétative de la façon dont les pratiques politiques et les discours politiques constituent de multiples ontologies de l’espace métropolitain, et de la manière dont leur interaction, comme l’expression des relations de pouvoir et des modèles d’influence, puissent définir des trajectoires spécifiques des effets de redimensionnement et de dimension.

RESUMEN

Regiones metropolitanas como espacios disputados: la construcción discursiva del espacio metropolitano en una perspectiva comparativa. Territory, Politics, Governance. En este artículo analizamos cómo se construye discursivamente el espacio metropolitano como una categoría espacial de la política y las políticas. Arrojamos luz sobre una serie de prácticas discursivas, conceptuales o cognitivas que contribuyen a la producción de escalas metropolitanas. Tratamos el espacio metropolitano como el resultado de procesos políticos o de políticas con un alcance metropolitano. Sin embargo, estos procesos discursivos que construyen el espacio metropolitano distan mucho de constituir un fenómeno unitario. Al analizar la construcción discursiva del espacio metropolitano como un fenómeno socio-espacial, empezamos con la hipótesis de que el objeto de análisis no representa una categoría dada de modo ontológico, sino que es una realidad construida desde una perspectiva social y política. Nuestro análisis se basa en la comparación de cuatro casos heterogéneos en los que existe una variedad significativa de definiciones y conceptos del espacio metropolitano: Berlín, Nueva York, París y Roma. Por consiguiente, nuestro enfoque otorga un privilegio a la perspectiva interpretativa sobre la cuestión de cómo las prácticas políticas y los discursos políticos constituyen múltiples ontologías del espacio metropolitano, y sobre cómo su interacción, como la expresión de las relaciones de poder y los patrones de influencia, puede definir las trayectorias específicas del reescalamiento y los efectos de escala.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The case descriptions rely importantly on the empirical studies produced by local researchers in the International Metropolitan Research Consortium. The authors would especially like to thank Ernestro d’Albergo, Jill S. Gross, Christian Lefèvre, Giulio Moini, Jen Nelles and Barbara Pizzo for contributing their insights and comments on the paper. This does not affect the authors’ responsibility for the content.

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1. Our case selection is also based on considering the information available for two analytical dimensions, first, the representations of metropolitan spaces in policy documents, and second, political and socio-spatial processes that contribute to the discursive construction of metropolitan space.

2. This does not obviously entail downplaying the materiality of processes involved in constructing metropolitan space, but rather emphasizing the way materiality is subsumed in discursive practices in constructing metropolitan space as a policy object. On these aspects, see: Sum and Jessop (Citation2013).

3. The examined metropolitan policies represent only an exemplary and illustrative selection of possible policies contributing to the metropolitan dimension in each of the cases and do not aim at a comprehensive, chronological overview of metropolitan governance in each case.

4. MSAs have at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured by commuting ties. If specified criteria are met, adjacent MSA and Micropolitan Statistical Area, in various combinations, may become the components of a set of complementary areas called CSAs.

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