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Articles

The BOP consumer's ethical evaluation of target marketing

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Pages 358-378 | Received 03 Feb 2015, Accepted 01 Jun 2015, Published online: 14 Oct 2015
 

Abstract

This paper investigates the ethical evaluation of targeted marketing of fast-moving consumer goods (FMCGs) to BOP consumers, from BOP consumers' viewpoint. The goal was to discover whether these consumers perceive themselves as vulnerable, whether they believe that marketers are acting ethically or unethically in targeting their segment and whether they are willing to take action based on their ethical assessments of the company's marketing practices. BOP consumers surveyed do not view themselves as vulnerable consumers. Respondents also did not believe that companies marketing FMCGs were unethically targeting their segment. BOP consumers did not see a difference between marketing basic or discretionary products to their segment; they wanted access to all types of goods. These consumers want access to the same products that other consumers with more resources have, and make no distinction between basic and discretionary FMCGs. FMCGs were viewed as necessities that make life easier. Marketers of FMCGs should therefore freely market these products to this segment, provided their products meet basic quality standards, and can be offered in small, lower-priced quantities.

金字塔底层消费者对于目标市场营销的道德评价

跨国公司在贫穷和不发达国家营销活动时,已经将营销重心越来越多地转向金字塔底层消费者(BOP 消费者)。此类消费者每天收入约为2美元,而且他们的收入往往是不正规和不确定的。尽管这一群体存在诸多挑战,因为中高收入消费市场的饱和状态,跨国公司还是经常致力于BOP 消费者开发。BOP市场空间大,有效性强,吸引着跨国公司扩张市场和资金流。

本文研究主要针对BOP消费者对于快速消费品(FMCGs)的道德评价。我们的目标是发现这些消费者是否认为自己是弱势群体,他们认为营销人员针对这一细分市场是否道德,是否愿意采取行动根据对公司营销活动的道德评估。在印度对150BOP消费者进行了面对面调查,并且转录了他们的回答。BOP消费者被定义为每天收入约为2–4美元,且教育程度不高于8年的人群。

调查结果显示,BOP消费者与印度中高层收入消费者十分相似,他们也希望获得快速消费品(小尺寸封装,相对较低的价格)

他们不想被利用,或者受到公司或销售员不公平待遇。

通过此项研究,给我们带来以下启示。营销需要改变营销策略,更好地解决国际收支段的需求。从产品的角度来看,产品应包装成更小一些,越容易负担的包裹,越会吸引广大消费者产生购买。

BOP 消费者经常相互谈论有关产品和品牌,而这些意见会影响其他消费者。鉴于口碑效应的力量,企业应考虑针对社区领袖或受信任的社区成员开设市场文化教育项目,旨在教育和影响BOP消费者。

营销人员在制定营销目标时,必须很好的处理一些敏感的道德问题,特别是当消费者并不认为自己是弱势群体时。为了满足这一细分市场,防止利用这一群体,公司可以采取企业社会责任项目的要求,对基本产品提供对社会负责任的定价。

最后,营销人员面对着艰难的选择,是否将产品目标转向BOP消费者。公司必须提供收益底线,基础产品和自由可支配产品上的花销和欲望,BOP 市场是巨大且有效的。在很多方面,糟糕的商业惯例忽视了这一市场的潜力,弥补这一庞大的市场是消费者要求获得其他消费者将要购买的产品。总体而言,调查结果显示,BOP 消费者与其他消费者一致:他们希望获得高品质,低价格,有信誉的快速消费品。因此,针对这些消费者,合理是快速消费品可行的营销实践。

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