ABSTRACT
Objectives: In 2012, Ontario pharmacists were granted immunization privileges to administer influenza vaccines to the public. This study explored the experiences and practices of pharmacist vaccinators and the impact of vaccination pain on their practice. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 pharmacists in the Greater Toronto Area. Transcribed interview data were coded and analyzed via thematic analysis. Key Findings: Data analysis revealed 4 main themes: 1) expanded scope of practice as an enhancement and challenge to relationships; 2) professional satisfaction and workload demands; 3) knowledge and attitudes regarding pain and fear; 4) practices regarding pain and fear management. Pharmacists reported satisfaction in their new role, despite the associated increased workload. Pharmacists felt that vaccination pain was not a key consideration when administering vaccines and that pain management was generally not necessary. Fear was identified as more important than pain and vaccinating children was challenging and time intensive. Pharmacists' main focus was on injection techniques in managing pain. Conclusion: These findings suggest that pharmacists are accepting of their role as vaccinators but more research is needed to examine impact on workload and pharmacist knowledge and perceptions of injection-related pain and fear.
Introduction
In 2012, the scope of practice for pharmacists in the province of Ontario, Canada was expanded to include the administration of the seasonal influenza vaccine to patients 5 years of age and above. In order to become certified to offer immunization services, pharmacists must complete a skills and knowledge course approved by the Ontario College of Pharmacists (OCP). This new service led to an increase in the uptake rate of the vaccine.Citation1 Pharmacists are estimated to have delivered more than 650,000 vaccinations in the 2013–2014 influenza season alone.Citation2 Patient survey data from Toronto, the largest city in Ontario, indicate that almost all are satisfied with their experience with pharmacist as vaccinators.Citation1 In a systematic review, it was found that pharmacy based immunization services were widely accepted by patients and pharmacy staff and can improve access and increase vaccination rates.Citation3
What is not currently known is how pharmacists perceive their new role and their satisfaction with it. This new role differs from other services provided by pharmacists as it involves physical contact with patients and the potential for inflicting pain, which might be distressing to pharmacists. Pain mitigation is part of good vaccination practice as it affects the quality of care delivered.Citation4 Approximately 2/3 of children and 1/4 of adults are afraid of needles.Citation4 This is usually due to negative past experiences with needles. Fear of needles can lead to future traumatic experiences with immunization and in about 10% of children, non-compliance with immunizations altogether.Citation4 Needle fears persist into adulthood and contribute to non-compliant behaviors including refusal of immunization and other health care interventions involving needles (e.g. blood tests, dental appointments).Citation5 This can result in resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases and poor health outcomes.Citation5
The purpose of this study was to explore pharmacists' general perceptions and experiences regarding immunizations, and more specifically, towards pain and pain management.
Results
Demographic characteristics of the twelve participants are listed in .
Table 1. Pharmacist demographics.
Four main themes emerged from the data: 1) expanded scope of practice as an enhancement and challenge to relationships; 2) professional satisfaction and workload demands; 3) knowledge and attitudes regarding pain and fear; 4) practices regarding pain and fear management. Some samples quotes from each theme can be found in Tables 2 – 5.
Theme 1: Expanded scope of practice as an enhancement and challenge to relationships
Participants reported that this new role helped to strengthen their relationship with patients and increased patient satisfaction. Many pharmacists noted the increased convenience that this service provided, which may have introduced more patients to their practice. In addition to this, pharmacists felt that vaccinating patients helped to increase their patients' trust in them as well as allow for more time for clinical interactions. Pharmacists also noted that administering the influenza vaccine allowed them to serve patients they may not have had the opportunity to otherwise ().
Table 2. Theme 1: Expanded scope of practice as an enhancement and challenge to relationships.
When it came to relationships with physicians, pharmacists either noticed no change or expressed concerns about breeching physician territory. Some pharmacists worried that offering the influenza vaccine to their patients would negatively impact their relationship with their physician colleagues because it had the potential to prevent patients from seeing their physicians.
Theme 2: Professional satisfaction and workload demands
Pharmacists reported that their new role allowed them to offer an additional service to patients and provided pharmacists with increased knowledge and skills regarding vaccinations. Some pharmacists reported that it expanded their pharmacy business and attracted new patients (). They reported an increase in their overall professional satisfaction. Participant 3 explained, “It's a very… good experience, very fulfilling.”
Table 3. Theme 2: Professional satisfaction and workload demands.
All pharmacists expressed concern regarding the additional workload that vaccinating patients added. Furthermore, some pharmacists stated that they were pressured to reach certain daily quotas by their employers in terms of the number of vaccinations administered per day. Some pharmacists stated that this was an infringement on their professional autonomy. When asked why they obtained certification to be able to administer the influenza vaccine they often stated pressure from their employers as a reason.
In addition, pharmacists reported concerns about vaccinating children. Participant 9 stated, “I mean when you're immunizing kids, that's probably one of the biggest challenges.” Immunizing children was stressful and required a longer time commitment. Pharmacists often needed the assistance of parents in order to administer the vaccine to children ().
Theme 3: Knowledge and attitudes regarding pain and fear
Pain was not generally identified by pharmacists as an important factor in their new role. Pharmacists reported that injection pain is minimal and did not require treatment. One pharmacist stated that patients who reported experiencing pain were exaggerating ().
Table 4. Theme 3: Knowledge and attitudes about pain and fear.
When asked about the pain they thought their patients experienced, many pharmacists referred to fear instead of pain, stating that they felt that pain was not a huge concern for their patients. They noted that fear was an important aspect of immunizing patients, particularly children. Pharmacists reported that if a patient's fear could be managed then there would be no needle pain. However, the differences and the connection between needle pain and fear were not clearly understood or explained by the pharmacists.
Pharmacists did not distinguish between pain in adults and children, but identified that fear was important in children.
Theme 4: Practices regarding pain and fear management
Although most pharmacists reported that needle pain did not need to be managed, some used a variety of techniques to manage pain and fear in their patients during immunizations (). These primarily focused on injection technique.
Table 5. Theme 4: Practices regarding pain and fear management.
Another pain and fear management strategy employed by pharmacists was to ‘talk the patient through the needle'. Some pharmacists stated that they did not manage needle pain at all in their practice, but when subsequently probed about specific techniques, they did report using distraction techniques. No pharmacist reported using pharmacological interventions to manage needle pain such as topical anesthetics, and all pharmacists stated that they were not worth using due to the minimal amount of pain caused by the injection. However, pharmacists did offer patients acetaminophen and/or ibuprofen for delayed pain and fever after the injection.
None of the pharmacists consulted resources to assist them in managing pain and fear. Instead, they reported learning how to manage pain and fear from work experience and feedback from patients.
When it came to dealing with children, pharmacists relied heavily on parents to assist in managing pain and fear. Pharmacists often deferred to offering rewards to children such as colourful bandages, as incentives for being immunized. Fear in children was reported to interfere with workflow and some pharmacists stated that they told fearful patients to come back later.
Pharmacists felt less confident in their ability to manage fear than pain in their patients.
Discussion
This study demonstrated that pharmacists are generally satisfied in their new role as vaccinators as it led to an increase in knowledge, skills and interactions with patients. However, they were concerned about workload and their relationships with physicians. Vaccination pain was not identified as a key consideration when administering vaccines and pain management was not viewed as necessary. Fear was identified as more important than pain, and vaccinating children was challenging and time intensive. Pharmacists' main focus was on injection techniques when asked how they minimize pain and fear.
Pharmacists in this study reported satisfaction in their role as vaccinators and their ability to provide an additional professional service for their patients. This result is consistent with pharmacist satisfaction with expanded prescriber services.Citation6–8 However, a survey study by Neuhauser and colleaguesCitation9 found no significant difference in job satisfaction between immunization-certified and noncertified pharmacists. Factors that can impact pharmacist satisfaction include barriers such as training, time to implement new services, and gaining staff and management support.Citation10,11 Also, pharmacists are more likely to experience satisfaction in their roles if they receive positive feedback from their patients, as noted in this study.
Pharmacists reported that immunization services were convenient for patients and led to higher patient satisfaction based on feedback they received from patients. The perception that patients are satisfied with pharmacist vaccinators services is consistent with the findings of previous surveys in which almost all patients reported they would recommend that friends and family be vaccinated by a pharmacist and the majority of patients supported pharmacist vaccinators.Citation1,12
Pharmacists reported that their expanded scope of practice was linked with higher workloads and quotas, often without a commensurate increase in available resources such as technician hours or pharmacist shift overlap. Some pharmacists also found quotas to be an infringement on their professional autonomy. They stated that other health care professionals do not have imposed quotas on the health care services that they provide. Previous studies have documented that time and space are barriers to providing immunization servicesCitation10,13,14; however, this is the first study to introduce the notion of quotas. This finding requires further investigation, particularly with respect to investigating workflow systems, including greater utilization of pharmacy technicians. Pharmacists are generally satisfied with the use of regulated pharmacy technicians.Citation15,16 Increasing the utilization of pharmacy technicians may free up pharmacists' time and accommodate the changes in pharmacist activities. This may minimize the potential for an increase in errors in dispensing, which can impact patient safety.Citation17
Some pharmacists reported that they were concerned about breeching physician territory when providing immunizations. This may be because some community pharmacies in the Greater Toronto Area are located near a clinic or family doctor's office where influenza vaccines are often administered. This sentiment has been reported in previous studies of pharmacists in their roles as prescribersCitation6,18,19 and vaccinators.Citation11,14 This concern exists when pharmacists expand their roles in areas that have historically been held by physicians or other allied health care professionals. It is important to note, however, that none of the pharmacists reported having a negative interaction with other vaccinators as a result of their expanded role. Importantly, pharmacists did not report any threats to teamwork between physicians and pharmacists.
Despite the subjective and individual nature of pain,Citation20 pharmacists did not feel that it was an important aspect of immunizations. Pain management is part of good immunization practice as per the World Health Organization.Citation21 Pharmacists reported that vaccination related pain was only minor and that for the most part, it did not impact the way they vaccinated. They did, however, utilize injection techniques (such as using sharp needles, injecting quickly and not aspirating) and distraction, which are evidence based non-pharmacological techniques.Citation22 None of the pharmacists advocated for or used topical anesthetics, the only evidence-based pharmacological intervention for pain mitigation during vaccination.Citation22 This result is similar to surveys of analgesic utilization in other settings, such as doctors' offices, and reflects sub-optimal prioritization of pain management as part of routine vaccination.Citation23,24 These attitudes about pain management persist despite the well-documented negative impact of pain on vaccine compliance.Citation4,25
Pharmacists often described fear of needles as more distressing to their patients than the pain of needles. Pharmacists' focus on fear rather than pain may be due to the fact that fear and anxiety often hindered pharmacists' ability to administer the vaccine and thus interfered with their workflow and efficiency, while patients' pain was not as evident and did not affect their workflow. Although this issue was not explored specifically in this study, it is supported by the fact that time management was more of an issue for pharmacists than pain and fear management. Pharmacists did not make a connection between needle pain and fear. Needle fear is often caused by needle pain and thus treating and preventing needle pain can also alleviate needle fear.Citation22,26
The findings regarding vaccination of children warrant additional discussion. Pharmacists cited that vaccinating children was a challenging experience and they felt uncomfortable, unprepared and ill equipped for dealing with them. Children took more time and required more effort from the pharmacists. Pharmacists reported utilizing restraint in partnership with parents in order to administer vaccinations in children. Restraining children contributes to children's fear,Citation27 which can contribute to pharmacists' anxiety as well. Pharmacists' challenges in dealing with children are consistent with the experience of other health care providers. A survey of health care professionals, which included pharmacists in Canada, recently showed a trend toward more hesitancy to expand pharmacist scope of practice to include children, particularly among physicians.Citation12 Pharmacists may need additional support to assist them with the challenges of administering vaccinations in children and to allow for more positive experiences between pharmacists, children, and parents. Importantly, needle fears can develop as a result of a negative experience with a needle procedure.Citation25
In general, children perceive needles to be more painful than adults do and regard any procedure involving a needle to be one of the most frightening and painful health-related events.Citation28 There is a bidirectional relationship between fear and pain, whereby an increase in one can increase the other.Citation26 Pharmacists may benefit from learning more about pain and fear in children so that they can promote more positive experiences with vaccination. Needle fears may persist throughout the lifespan if left unaddressed and are linked to broad healthcare avoidance behaviors, including vaccination noncompliance.Citation29,30
Since the time of these interviews, Ontario has increased the number of vaccines that pharmacists are permitted to administer to include protection against influenza and an additional 13 preventable diseases. Some jurisdictions are also considering reducing the age of patients that pharmacists can vaccinate to include younger children to ensure that vaccinations are more convenient and accessible for patients. This has the potential to increase the workload for pharmacists, which was a major concern when administering the influenza vaccine alone. Policymakers, pharmacy managers and government bodies may need to consider allowing for additional pharmacy resources to be able to carry out these extended patient services. Also, as pharmacists may be participating in childhood vaccinations, efforts should be undertaken to examine ways to better support pharmacists when vaccinating children, including educating them about managing pain and fear. The routine use of topical anesthetics and other proven pain- and fear-reducing interventions are particularly important in the context of childhood vaccinations.Citation22
Qualitative studies, are by design, not generalizable. The results reflect pharmacist vaccinators from the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) who recently started vaccinating. It is unknown if the results would be comparable for pharmacists outside the GTA or pharmacists who have been vaccinating for multiple years. As pharmacists gain more experience in vaccinating, it is possible that their perceptions and attitudes may change. We employed purposive sampling strategies, and included pharmacists in different practice settings with a broad range of experiences. These findings may however be applied to pharmacists practicing in a similar practice setting, who are new to pharmacy-based immunizations.
Additional strengths of this study include the qualitative approach, which allowed for a deeper understanding compared to prior quantitative surveys and use of methodology to improve the credibility of the findings. For example, we employed multiple meetings of the research team to review transcripts and identify codes and emerging themes, and we checked with a few of the participants to obtain a thorough understanding of their experiences.
Methods
This study used a qualitative descriptive design as described by SandelowskiCitation31 and Neergaard et al.Citation32 A qualitative design was chosen to allow for the experiences of pharmacists to be explored. The study was approved by the University of Toronto Health Sciences Research Ethics Board and all participants signed a consent form.
Pharmacists practicing in community pharmacies across the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) were eligible for participation. Community pharmacies were defined as any chain or retail pharmacies operating in the community and not in a hospital. The GTA encompasses a geographical area with the greatest population density in Ontario, including Toronto, and includes over 6 million inhabitants.Citation33 Pharmacists were included if they were both certified to administer influenza vaccinations and had been administering vaccinations for a minimum of one month during the immunization season when the study was conducted (2014–2015). Purposeful samplingCitation34 was used for initial recruitment, with snowball sampling subsequently used to obtain participants with varied number of years in practice, gender, number of hours working per week, number of influenza vaccines administered, location of training, and geographical location of work.
After receiving informed consent, a semi-structured interview guide was used to guide the interview process. The guide included a series of open-ended questions in order to allow participants to speak openly about their experiences. Experts in vaccination and pain reviewed the questions and one pilot interview was conducted with a study participant. This pilot interview was included in the analysis. During the data collection period, the questions were modified to focus on emerging themes. There were two areas of inquiry: 1) overall experiences of pharmacists as vaccinators and 2) impact of injection pain. All interviews were conducted by a single interviewer (SG) and lasted 15 – 25 minutes.
Twelve pharmacists were interviewed at various pharmacies from May 20, 2014 to January 22, 2015. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Participants also filled out a demographics questionnaire.
Data collection and analysis occurred simultaneously. Four members of the research team met regularly throughout the process to discuss themes and coding. Line by line coding was done using the software package QSR NVivo version 10. Saturation was reached after 10 interviews.Citation35 Two more interviews were conducted after saturation. Coding and thematic analysis continued in an iterative fashion until consensus was reached in order to ensure the credibility of the interpretation of the data. Throughout the process of data analysis, the team reflected on the possible influences of their backgrounds as pain researchers, nurses and pharmacists.
Conclusion
Pharmacists expressed an overall positive experience as vaccinators and the effect it had on their relationship with patients, despite some concern about breeching physician territory and the impact on physician-pharmacist relationships. While pain was reported to have minimal impact on their practice, needle fear was perceived as an impediment to efficiency, particularly when vaccinating children. Pharmacists used injection techniques and non-pharmacological techniques during vaccination intended to ensure successful and quick injections.
Policy makers and governing bodies have expanded pharmacist immunization services to include other vaccines in addition to the influenza vaccine, which in turn will increase access to health services. It will be important to investigate the challenges that pharmacists identified for vaccinating children as well as the potential increase in organizational pressures, as these issues may be more magnified when services are expanded. Also, it is important to address perceptions regarding workload issues associated with immunization injections, especially for pharmacies where management apply performance metrics or quotas. Most pharmacists in those practice settings reported increased workload, and lack of support with immunization services. Pharmacy chain head offices and regulators need to be aware of these concerns, as they may impact on pharmacist satisfaction, and performance, including error rates. Overall, these findings suggest that pharmacists are accepting of their role as vaccinators. More research is needed to examine impact on workload, challenges vaccinating children and patient satisfaction with pharmacist vaccinators.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest
No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
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