ABSTRACT
The dissemination of the fact that the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine can protect females as well as males is greatly beneficial for the control of condyloma acuminata (CA). We aimed to investigate the acceptance of the HPV vaccine for CA among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. A cross-sectional online survey in the adult MSM population from 31 regions in China was carried out via WeChat in May 2017. Information on demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors, history of HIV and HPV infection, awareness of CA and HPV/CA vaccines, acceptance of CA vaccination, and behavioral intentions for vaccination were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. In total, 902 questionnaires were analyzed; the prevalence of CA was 13.3% (120/902), the HIV positivity rate was 15.1% (136/902), and the coinfection rate of HIV and CA was 3.9% (35/902). In the MSM population, the knowledge of CA and HPV/CA vaccines was poor, but the acceptance rate of the CA vaccine was high (85.1%, 768/902). Data indicated that MSM who had a history of anal intercourse (OR = 1.9), had heard of CA (OR = 2.9), knew the treatments for CA (OR = 2.0), had heard of HPV vaccines/cervical cancer vaccines (OR = 1.9), and received education about CA (OR = 1.9) were associated with the intention to use CA vaccines. With current moderate levels of CA and HPV/CA vaccine awareness, more emphasis should be placed on improving education and other behavioral interventions for high-risk populations such as MSM in China.
Introduction
Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11 cause more than 90% of condyloma acuminata (CA)Citation1 cases. CA are highly contagious, with a transmission rate of approximately 65% from an infected person to a susceptible partner within a sexual partnership.Citation1 The annual incidence of CA in the general adult population is 1.6 to 1.8 per 1,000 persons, whereas it is over 10 per 1,000 persons among men who have sex with men (MSM) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals.Citation2–5 Furthermore, the treatment of CA does not eradicate HPV infection. HPV DNA may remain latent after initial infection and recur months or even years later. The recurrence rates of CA are high, ranging from 6% to 77%,Citation6 further increasing the direct economic burden of medical costs and psychosocial impact. CA gives patients pain, while it was previously considered a nonlife-threatening disease; however, mounting evidence suggests that individuals with CA have a strongly increased risk of cancers of the penis and anogenital region.Citation7,Citation8
MSM have been considered one of the most at-risk populations for HPV and HIV infection.Citation5,Citation9 MSM have an enhanced risk of HPV infection and persistence, carrying multiple HPV types and HPV-related disease with even more rapid progression to malignancies.Citation10 To date, 2 licensed vaccines, a quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV, Gardasil®) and nonavalent HPV vaccine (9vHPV, Gardasil 9®), can prevent HPV-6 and HPV-11 infection with high effectiveness. Real-world data show that five years after the national HPV vaccination program was implemented in Australia, the proportion of MSM diagnosed with CA declined from 8.5% in 2007 to 6.4% in 2011.Citation11 The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends either 9vHPV or 4vHPV vaccination for MSM and HIV carriers.Citation12 However, only a few countries recommend existing HPV vaccines for males. By October 2020, 110 countries worldwide had added the HPV vaccine to national immunization programs for females; nevertheless, only 11 countries have included it for males.Citation13,Citation14 The insufficient supply of HPV vaccines even for females further impedes the control of CA.
Therefore, one vital barrier to the control of CA is the lack of an HPV vaccine for males. To address this issue, an HPV vaccine for males containing only HPV 6 and 11 strains has completed phase 1 (NCT02405520) and phase 2 clinical trials (NCT02710851). The phase 1 clinical trial showed that the candidate HPV-6/11 vaccine is well tolerated and has robust immunogenicity.Citation15 Nevertheless, the dissemination of the fact that the HPV vaccine can protect females as well as males is of great benefit to the control of CA.
There are currently several HPV vaccine acceptability studies among Chinese MSM,Citation16–22 reporting HPV awareness ranging from 18.4% to 47.6%, acceptance of free HPV vaccination ranging from 26.2% to 97.6%, and acceptability of market price HPV vaccination ranging from 2.5% to 29.2%. In addition, although HPV and HIV infections often occur together, studies on HPV knowledge and vaccination intentions among HIV-infected MSM are scarce. It is critical to investigate awareness and acceptability of the HPV vaccine for CA (CA vaccine), the relationship between HIV infection status and acceptability of the HPV vaccine, and develop a practical vaccination strategy for men and even MSM populations in mainland China. This study aims to investigate the awareness of CA and acceptance of the HPV vaccine for CA among MSM aged 18–55 years in China.
Materials and methods
Design and participants
This study was a cross-sectional online survey in the MSM population from 31 regions in China, including 22 provinces, 3 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities, and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau. A self-administered questionnaire was designed by the research team, including skin venereal disease physicians, epidemiologists and site investigators who are leaders of local organizations that serve the MSM population. A presurvey of the questionnaire was carried out in the target population in January 2017, and the research team revised and finalized the questionnaire according to the results of the presurvey. The final online electronic questionnaire was designed through Questionnaire Star software, taking into account the social invisibility and social characteristics of the MSM population.
The MSM participants were recruited through local influential MSM population-related community organizations (Lingnan Partners). A total of 902 MSM older than 18 years were successfully invited to complete the questionnaire under the guidance of the investigators, and all the retrieved questionnaires met the requirements and were included in the analysis. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committees of Guangdong Provincial Dermatology Hospital, Guangzhou, China (GDDHLS -2016-112102).
Data collection
The electronic questionnaire collected information on demographic characteristics (e.g., age, education, marital status, sexual orientation), sexual behaviors (e.g., HIV status, fixed or temporary male sexual partner behaviors, and condom use in the past 12 months), history of HPV and HIV, CA and HPV/CA vaccine knowledge, HPV/CA vaccine acceptance and behavioral intentions for vaccination. The electronic questionnaire was disseminated to the MSM population via WeChat in May 2017, and the required number of questionnaires was finished within 48 hours. Only one questionnaire was allowed per respondent based on the IP address recorded by Questionnaire Star. The respondents received an allowance of 10 RMB for one successful questionnaire submission.
Statistical analysis
The main outcome variables for these analyses were the risk factors for CA vaccine knowledge and acceptance among MSM. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. The crude odds ratio (ORc) was first proposed in a univariate analysis. A multistep regression model was then fitted using significant univariate background variables as candidate variables, and adjusted odds ratios (ORas) were derived. In addition, the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the odds ratios were corrected. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. HIV status was entered into a multiple logistic regression model as a fixed effect. Other variables with a P value <0.05 and a dummy variable P value <0.2 in univariate models were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model to explore factors associated with CA vaccine acceptance. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS 9.4.
Result
Demographic characteristics and sexual behaviors
A total of 902 MSM older than 18 years from 31 regions in China were included in this study. The demographic characteristics and sexual behaviors of the participants are summarized in , respectively. The median age of the 902 participants was 25 years (interquartile range: 22–30). Overall, 768 (85.1%) of the 902 participants were willing to be vaccinated with the CA vaccine. CA vaccination intention varied with monthly salary and sexual orientation, with statistically significant differences. MSM with an income over 10,000 RMB showed the highest intention to receive CA vaccination (94.2%, 81/86). Bisexual and homosexual MSM were also more willing to receive the CA vaccine than those unsure of their sexual orientation.
Table 1. Vaccination willingness of MSM with different demographic characteristics.
Table 2. Vaccination willingness of MSM with different sexual behaviors.
Additionally, MSM who had a history of anal intercourse and the experience of sex with fixed or temporary male sexual partners in the past 12 months had higher vaccination intentions. However, the willingness to be vaccinated was not associated with either the number of fixed or temporary sexual partners or the use of condoms in this analysis.
History of HIV and HPV
shows that the prevalence of CA was 13.3% (120/902), the proportion of MSM with previous or current CA was 21.8% (197/902), and the recurrence rate was 61.9% (122/197) among individuals with CA. Furthermore, 15.1% (136/902) of participants self-reported having tested positive for HIV. In addition, 3.9% (35/902) of MSM were coinfected with HIV and HPV (data not shown). In addition, MSM who had a history of CA and a history of HIV infection had higher vaccination intentions, and the differences were statistically significant.
Table 3. Vaccination willingness of MSM with different histories of HIV and HPV infection.
Awareness of CA and HPV/CA vaccines
A total of 83.0% (749/902) of MSM had ever heard of CA, and 56% (505/902) of MSM had ever heard of the HPV vaccine or cervical cancer vaccine (). However, nearly half of the MSM in this study had poor knowledge about these issues, and approximately 41.2%-64.3% of MSM lacked knowledge of the transmission routes, symptoms, risks, and treatments of CA.
Table 4. Vaccination willingness of MSM with different perceptions of condyloma acuminata and HPV/CA vaccines.
Good knowledge of CA and HPV/cervical cancer vaccines was strongly associated with vaccination intention. MSM who had ever heard of CA and HPV/cervical cancer vaccines were aware of the transmission routes, symptoms, risks and treatment of CA, as well as the safety and effectiveness of HPV/cervical cancer vaccines, had significantly higher intentions to be vaccinated.
Behavioral intentions for vaccination
Behavioral intentions were also strongly associated with vaccination intention. MSM who had friends or family members who had received the HPV vaccine or who knew about HPV or discussed HPV with other people had significantly higher intentions to be vaccinated (). Regrettably, only 34.8% (314/902) of MSM had friends or family members who had ever received the HPV vaccine in this study. A total of 46.2% to 60.9% of MSM had learned about HPV or discussed HPV with others, which led to poor behavioral intentions among them to receive the HPV/CA vaccine.
Table 5. Vaccination willingness of MSM with different behavioral intentions for vaccination.
Factors associated with intention to receive the CA vaccine
The results of the univariate and multivariate logistic regression model analyses are shown in . Multivariate logistic regression model analysis indicated that MSM who had a history of anal intercourse (OR = 1.9), had heard of CA (OR = 2.9), knew the treatment for CA (OR = 2.0), had heard of the HPV vaccine/cervical cancer vaccine (OR = 1.9) and received education about CA were factors associated with intention to receive the CA vaccine.
Table 6. Factors associated with intention to receive the CA vaccine among MSM in China.
Discussion
This study investigated self-reported CA and HIV infection status, as well as HPV awareness and vaccination intention and relative impact factors among MSM from 31 regions in China. Males deserve the protection conferred by the HPV vaccine as much as females, especially MSM and HIV-positive individuals. We aimed to provide evidence for the acceptance of an HPV-6/11 vaccine against CA in the MSM population of China.
The increasing prevalence of HIV and HPV-6/11 infection among MSM in China is of growing concern. The overall HIV prevalence among MSM in China was estimated to be 5.7% from 2005 to 2018, with an upward annual trend.Citation23 The overall HPV-6/11 prevalence among MSM in China was estimated to be 16.2% to 26.8% among HIV-positive MSM, higher than that of 8.5% to 13.1% among HIV-negative MSM.Citation24 HPV and HIV infections are tightly correlated, and HIV-positive individuals are at higher risk of HPV infection and vice versa. The combination of HPV vaccination and HIV prevention and promotion of condom use reinforce each other.Citation19 The potential use of HPV vaccination as a means of reducing HIV infection was reported, but there is no direct evidence thus far.Citation25
In this study, 83.0% (749/902) of MSM stated that they had heard of CA, but only 35.7%-59.8% of them knew about the transmission routes, symptoms, risks and treatment of CA. Our data coincide with several studies indicating that most men are unaware that genital warts are caused by HPV infection.Citation26 Forty-six percent of MSM from the US,Citation27 25% of MSM from Haiti,Citation28 43.0% of MSM from LiberiaCitation29 and 40.4%-63.7% of MSM from ChinaCitation17,Citation19 knew that HPV infection is the cause of genital warts. In addition, 56.0% (505/902) of MSM in this study stated that they had heard of the HPV vaccine. In other Chinese studies of MSM, HPV vaccine awareness rates varied considerably, from low rates (4.8%-10.2%)Citation16,Citation18 to high rates (69.7%-78.0%),Citation21,Citation22 which may be related to the economic situation of the different study sites. Inadequate knowledge of HPV infection and related diseases will be a great impediment for prevention and early diagnosis. Poor knowledge of CA suggests that it is necessary to further strengthen publicity and education about HPV and CA in the MSM population.
In this study, 85.1% (768/902) of MSM from 31 regions in China were willing to be vaccinated against CA. Another similar study reported that 82.8% (736/889) of MSM from 31 regions in China were willing to be vaccinated against HPV.Citation22 In a meta-analysis of 78 studies mainly from the US, the average HPV vaccine acceptability among MSM was 63% (range from 30% to 97%).Citation30 In this study, history of anal intercourse, knowledge of CA, knowledge of the treatments for CA, knowledge of the HPV vaccine/cervical cancer vaccine, and having received education about CA were factors associated with CA vaccine acceptability. This implies that knowledge and education about CA and HPV vaccines were the primary factors impacting CA vaccine acceptability. The findings of our study are consistent with those of previous studies,Citation22,Citation30 and they also reinforce the importance of promoting CA and HPV vaccine awareness and education in the MSM population. To form a positive attitude toward HPV vaccination, media promotion and the popularization of health science are very effective methods for raising awareness of HPV infection and vaccines among MSM.
As previously mentioned, we have emphasized the strong association between HPV and HIV. However, there was no statistical relationship between HIV infection status and acceptability of the CA vaccine in this study, which was unexpected. Our initial hypothesis was that HIV-positive status would increase awareness of self-care, which would make MSM more concerned about their health and would increase the uptake of the CA vaccine. We found that this conclusion was not reached by all studies. Several studies described that HIV-infected MSM displayed higher acceptability,Citation17,Citation26,Citation31 whereas there was no statistical correlation in some other studies.Citation32,Citation33 The negative result of our study may be due to the unbalanced distribution of the number of HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants. Although not statistically significant in this study, the correlation between HIV status and acceptability of the HPV vaccine was of high practical importance, which warrants further research.
HPV infection is extremely common in both females and males. Several studies have reported that males, especially MSM, may have higher rates of HPV-6/11 infection than females.Citation6,Citation34 Although national HPV vaccination programs have been implemented in 110 countries worldwide, due to insufficient vaccine supply and uneven distribution, only 11 countries have included males in their national vaccination programs.Citation13,Citation14,Citation35 Developing countries with high cervical cancer disease burdens still regard women as the only target population. Therefore, if an HPV-6/11 vaccine against CA can be developed and universally used in males, especially MSM, it will be substantial in reducing the disease burden of CA.
There are some limitations to this study. First, we employed a self-administered electronic questionnaire. Potential bias caused by self-reporting and inaccurate responses cannot be ruled out.
Second, our questionnaire was completed through social media platforms by participants, and caution should be exercised in the interpretation of the results. Finally, our study participants may not be representative of the general MSM population.
Nonetheless, our study raised serious concerns about HPV and HIV infection in MSM. With current moderate levels of CA and HPV vaccine awareness and acceptance, more emphasis should be placed on improving behavioral interventions for high-risk populations in China. Further announcements and education are necessary so that people at high risk for CA can gain more knowledge about HPV and related diseases and the benefits of the HPV vaccine. In addition, if an HPV-6/11 vaccine against CA is universally available, it would alleviate the insufficiency of the cervical cancer vaccine supply and be greatly beneficial for the prevention and control of CA in high-risk populations, such as MSM.
Abbreviations
| Abbreviations | = | Human papillomavirus |
| CA | = | condyloma acuminata |
| MSM | = | men who have sex with men |
| HIV | = | human immunodeficiency virus |
| STDs | = | sexually transmitted diseases |
| ORc | = | crude odds ratio |
| ORa | = | adjusted odds ratio |
| CI | = | confidence interval |
Authors’ contributions
XQ-R, AQ-L, WJ-K, TW, and HC-Z designed and coordinated the study. XQ-R monitored the implementation of the project and the collection of the data. LX-Q analyze the data and prepared the manuscript. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version.
Acknowledgements
We are hugely greatly to all those who helped to design the self-administered questionnaire. We thank the employees of Xiamen Innovax for their help in the design of the project and the Lingnan Partners of MSM population organization for their help in the implementation of the project. We also thank you for the financial support from Xiamen Innovax Biotech Co., Ltd. (XNBH00030740). The funder had no role in the implementation of the project, data collection and analysis, and decision to publish.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Data availability statement
Authorization to access the data may be considered by the authors upon reasonable requests. Requests to access these datasets should be directed to the corresponding author, [email protected].
Additional information
Funding
References
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