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Articles

Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn in mangrove ecosystems (sediment, water, oyster, and macroalgae) of Sarawak, Malaysia

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Pages 380-388 | Received 25 Mar 2014, Accepted 13 Oct 2014, Published online: 04 Dec 2014
 

Abstract

Trace metals from industrial effluents discharged into Malaysian mangrove ecosystems, in Sarawak in particular, are of growing concern. Concentrations of trace metals (copper, manganese, iron, and zinc) were determined in sediment, surface water, pore water, green and red filamentous macroalgae (Chaetomorpha sp. and Bostrychia sp., respectively) and the rock oyster Saccostrea cucullata from three estuarine mangrove habitats in Sarawak (Kuala Nyalau, Bakam, and Miri), Malaysia. Trace metal concentrations detected in sediment of these mangrove ecosystems (except for Zn concentration in K. Nyalau) were considerably higher than those specified in USEPA sediment quality guidelines. Sediment trace metal concentrations differed significantly (p < 0.05) among the stations studied. In pore water, trace metal concentrations were found to be higher than those in estuarine surface water. The order of trace metal concentrations in Chaetomorpha sp., Bostrychia sp. and S. cucullata was Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu, Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu, and Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu, respectively. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) in macroalgae and in one oyster species were inconsistent, although BCFs were much higher in water than in sediment. In sediment, the BCF of Mn was the highest among trace metals in S. cucullata, followed by Cu and Zn. BCF of iron (Fe) was relatively low in spite of its high concentration in sediment and water. The findings of this study may prove helpful in carrying out future studies aimed at detecting a potential biomarker in coastal ecosystems of Sarawak, Malaysia.

Kartu su pramonės nuotekomis į mangrovių ekosistemas Malaizijoje (ypač Saravake) patenkantys sunkieji metalai kelia vis didesnį susirūpinimą. Buvo ištirtos Kuala Nyalau, Bakam ir Miri estuarijų mangrovės. Jų dugno nuosėdose, paviršiniame vandenyje, dugno ertmių vandenyje, žaliuosiuose ir raudonuosiuose siūliniuose dumbliuose (Chaetomorpha sp. ir Bostrychia sp.) bei austrėse Saccostrea cucullata buvo įvertintos vario, mangano, geležies ir cinko koncentracijos. Dugno nuosėdose jos buvo ženkliai didesnės (išskyrus Zn Kuala Nyalau), negu nurodyta USEPA (JAV Aplinkos Apsaugos Agentūra) rekomendacijose (Sediment Quality Guidelines). Koncentracijų skirtumai estuarijų dugno nuosėdose buvo patikimi (p < 0,05). Sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos dugno ertmių vandenyje buvo didesnės negu estuarijų paviršiniame vandenyje. Sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos Chaetomorpha sp. ir S. cucullata buvo Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu, Bostrychia sp. – Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu. Dumbliai ir austrės iš vandens bioakumuliavo daugiau metalų negu iš dugno nuosėdų. Iš dugno nuosėdų austrės bioakumuliavo daugiausiai Mn, mažiau Cu ir Zn. Fe bioakumuliacija buvo maža, nors jos koncentracijos dugno nuosėdose ir vandenyje buvo didelės. Šie rezultatai bus naudingi ieškant potencialių biologinių žymenų Saravako (Malaizija) pakrantės ekosistemose.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the E-Science, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia, Project No. 04-01-04-SF1422 and Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus. Thanks are extended to anonymous reviewers of this manuscript for their valuable remarks.

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