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Articles

Litterfall production in a tropical mangrove of Sarawak, Malaysia

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Pages 157-165 | Received 11 Nov 2014, Accepted 05 Feb 2015, Published online: 09 Mar 2015
 

Abstract

Assessment of litterfall production is essential to ascertain the status of nutrient cycling and forest health. Sarawak, Malaysia, is endowed with numerous pristine and estuarine mangroves; however, research on primary productivity of these forests is scanty. Therefore, litterfall production in a pristine Sibuti mangrove of Sarawak was estimated using litter traps for one year (January–December 2013), and forest structure was studied through tree census. The forest was dominated by Rhizophora apiculata (relative density [RD] was 77.11%), followed by Xylocarpus granatum (RD was 16.92%) and other species (RD was only 5.97%). The annual dry weight of litterfalls was estimated to be 1640.82 g m−2, of which R. apiculata contributed 92.94%, followed by X. granatum (4.01%) and other species (3.05%). Leaves were the most abundant (57.21%) contributory component of litters, followed by propagules (11.89%), flowers (10.85%), twigs (8.56%), and stipules (8.45%). No significant correlations were found for total litterfall and its major components with climatic variables and forest structure. Total litterfall of R. apiculata and X. granatum did not show any seasonal variations. However, leaf litter of R. apiculata showed a significant seasonal variation between intermediate (January–April) and wet (September–December) seasons. The litterfall production of Sibuti mangrove forest is higher in comparison to other tropical mangroves of the world. The higher productivity of the forest could be due to nutrient availability, pristine nature, and stand maturity of the forest rather than climatic influences. The findings of the study suggest that litterfall production of the pristine Sibuti mangrove is not influenced by the variability of climatic factors.

Maisto medžiagų apykaitos miške ir jo būklės įvertinimui labai svarbūs nuokritų susidarymo tyrimai. Daug žmogaus veiklos nepaliestų ir nepakankamai ištirtų estuarinių mangrovių yra Malaizijoje, Saravako valstijoje. Saravake esančioje Sibuti mangrovėje nuo 2013 m. sausio iki gruodžio miško nuokritų susidarymas buvo tiriamas nuokritų gaudyklėmis. Įvertinta medžių rūšinė sudėtis: dominavo Rhizophora apiculata – 77,11% ir Xylocarpus granatum – 16,92%, kitų rūšių medžiai sudarė 5,97%. Sausas nuokritų svoris per metus buvo 1640,82 g/m2, iš jų R. apiculata – 92,94%; X. granatum – 4,01%, kitų rūšių – 3,05%. 57,21% nuokritų sudarė lapai, 11,89% – vegetatyvinio dauginimosi dalys, 10,85% – žiedai, 8,56% – šakelės, 8,45% – prielapiai. Nuokritų ir jų dalių kiekis nebuvo patikimai susijęs su klimato sąlygų kaita ar miško struktūra. Nustatyta, kad bendras R. apiculata ir X. granatum nuokritų gausumas nepriklauso nuo sezono, tačiau R. apiculata lapų nuokritų gausumas ženkliai skyrėsi pereinamojo (sausio–balandžio) ir drėgnojo (rugsėjo–gruodžio) sezonų metu. Sibuti mangrovėje nuokritų susidarymo produktyvumas yra didesnis nei kitose pasaulio tropinėse mangrovėse. Didesnis šio miško produktyvumas daugiau priklauso nuo maisto medžiagų kiekio, gamtos natūralumo ir miško brandos negu nuo klimatinių sąlygų. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad klimato sąlygų kaita neturi įtakos Sibuti mangrovės nuokritų susidarymui.

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Department of Animal Science and Fishery, UPM Campus Bintulu Sarawak for providing facilities, and Malaysian Government for providing funds through E-Science, Project No. [04-01-04-SF1422]. Special thanks to Sarawak Biodiversity Center (SBC) and Forest Department (FD) of Sarawak for giving permission to carry out this field work. Thanks to Mr Khurshid Alam Bhuiyan for preparing the study area map.

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