Three-dimensional macroscopic fundamental diagram for car and bicycle heterogeneous traffic

Abstract

Urban road facilities are typically shared by heterogeneous traffic, such as cars, buses, and bicycles. This paper investigates the car and bicycle traffic at the network level by extending the 3D-MFD model to the car-bicycle network. Statistical 3D-MFDs for the car-bicycle traffic are proposed and empirically estimated for three selected networks in Shanghai. Simulation-based 3D-MFDs are used to determine the network bicycle capacity and validate statistical 3D-MFDs. Estimation results quantify negative marginal effects of car and bicycle density on network car speeds, and confirm the negative effect of bi-modal speed difference on bicycle traffic. When looking into the predicted results of 3D-MFDs, the maximum bi-modal production changes with the accumulation of bicycles, indicating car-bicycle interactions within the network. Few empirical observations are in the optimum operation regime, which indicate the potential of improving the multi-modal networks. Findings of this study can benefit network designs and traffic operations, such as adjusting separation types, implementing stricter bicycle management, and extending bicycle priority in certain areas.

KEYWORDS:

• MFD
• 3D-MFD
• car-bicycle heterogenous traffic
• empirical data
• network performance

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their appreciation to Allister Loder and Igor Dakic from Institute for Transport Planning and Systems (IVT), ETH Zurich for their valuable suggestions and comments in preparing this manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The research was funded in part by the National Nature Science Foundation of China [grant numbers 71971138, 52172319], and the Humanities and Social Science Fund, Ministry of Education, China [grant number 19YJAZH077]. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.