Classification of adeno carcinoma, high squamous intraephithelial lesion, and squamous cell carcinoma in Pap smear images based on extreme learning machine

ABSTRACT

Cervical cancer is a malignant tumour that attacks the female genital area originating from epithelial metaplasia in the squamous protocol junction area. One method of diagnosis of cervical cancer is to do a Pap smear examination by taking a cervical cell smear from the woman’s cervix and observing its cell development. However, examination of cervical cancer from Pap smear results usually takes a long time. This is because medical practitioners still rely on visual observations in the analysis of the results of Pap smear so that the results are subjective. Therefore, we need a programme that can help the classification process in establishing a diagnosis of cervical cancer with high accuracy results. In this study, a cervical cancer classification program was developed using a combination of the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) methods. There are three classes of cervical cell images classified, namely adenocarcinoma, High Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (HSIL) and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC). From the results of the training program obtained an accuracy 100% and from the testing program obtained an accuracy of 80%.

KEYWORDS:

• Cervical cancer
• extreme learning machine
• GLCM

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Indonesian Collaboration Research-World Class University, Republic of Indonesia for the research grant (Contract No. 0854/IT3.L1/PN/2019).

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Universitas Airlangga [No.681/UN3/2019].

Notes on contributors

Andriyan Bayu Suksmono

Andriyan B. Suksmono is a Professor of Imaging and Signal Processing in the School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, ITB (Institut Teknologi Bandung), Indonesia. He received Sarjana (BSc.) in Physics and Magister (M.S.) in Electrical Engineering from ITB and a PhD degree from Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan. His main research interests are Compressive Sampling, Radar, Subsurface Imaging, and Quantum Computing. Dr. Suksmono is a Senior Member of the IEEE and a Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE Indonesia Section.

Riries Rulaningtyas

Riries Rulaningtyas is a lecturer in Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia. She got her bachelor and master from Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya. She received her PhD degree in Biomedical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung. Her research interests are medical image processing and artificial intelligent.

Kuwat Triyana

Kuwat Triyana is a lecturer from Universitas Gadjah Mada. He got his bachelor, master, and doctoral degree from Universitas Gadjah Mada, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia and Kyushu University, Japan, respectively. His research field is instrumentation.

Imas Sukaesih Sitanggang

Imas Sukaesih Sitanggang received the PhD degree in computational intelligence from the Universiti Putra Malaysia, in 2013. She is currently a lecturer in IPB University Indonesia. Her research interests are data mining and spatial data processing.

Anny Setijo Rahaju

Anny Setijo Rahaju was born in 1970. She received her Bachelor of Medicine and Anatomical Pathology Spesialistic degree from Universitas Airlangga in 1996 and 2009 respectively. Currently She is a lecturer in Departement of Anatomical Pathology Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Central laboratory of Soetomo General Academic Hospital and laboratory of Universitas Airlangga Hospital. Her research interests are oncology, gastrointestinal and uropoetical pathology.

Etty Hary Kusumastuti

Etty Hary Kusumastuti was born in 1968. She received her Bachelor of Medicine and Anatomical Pathology Spesialistic degree from Universitas Airlangga in 1993 and 2006 respectively. Currently She is a lecturer in Departement of Anatomical Pathology Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, and Central laboratory of Soetomo General Academic Hospital. Her research interest are oncology, cytopathology and respiratory tract pathology.

Ahda Nur Laila Nabila

Ahda Nur Laila Nabila is a student from Bachelor of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia. Her research field is biomedical image processing.

Rizkya Nabila Maharani

Rizkya Nabila Maharani is a student from Bachelor of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia. Her research field is biomedical image processing.

Difa Fanani Ismayanto

Difa Fanani Ismayanto is a student from Bachelor of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia. Her research field is biomedical image processing.

Katherine

Katherine is a student from Bachelor of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia. Her research field is biomedical image processing. 

Winarno

Winarno is a lecturer in Bachelor of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia. He got his bachelor, and master's degree from Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia, and Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, respectively. His research field is biomedical image processing.

Alfian Pramudita Putra

Alfian Pramudita Putra is a lecturer in Bachelor of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia. He got his bachelor, and master's degree from Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia, and the University of Groningen, Netherlands, respectively. His research field is biomedical product development.