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Regular Paper Supplement

The promise and reality of decentralization: a critical appraisal of Sierra Leone’s primary health care system

Promesse et réalité de la décentralisation: une évaluation critique du système de soins de santé primaires en Sierra Leone

Pages 350-369 | Received 26 Nov 2014, Accepted 26 May 2016, Published online: 20 Oct 2016
 

Abstract

Post-war reconstruction in Sierra Leone was accompanied by an ambitious donor-promoted decentralization programme aimed at making delivery of the country’s failing social services more efficient. A decade after the ‘decentralization’ of health services, this article examines systemic failures that have resulted in de-concentration rather than devolution of the health system. It identifies four factors that have contributed to a dysfunctional decentralized provision of primary health care. First, is an inconsistent political and legal framework that blurs and distorts delineations of authority between central and subnational government institutions. This leads to three further challenges that interact to create an ineffective public health sector: the central government is resistant to devolution, partly due to a culture of accumulation; local-level interventions are uncoordinated; and there is limited accountability for frontline health workers. As a result, citizens’ health needs are unmet. Sierra Leone is plagued by some of the worst maternal and child mortality rates in the world, and faced the most intractable outbreak of the 2014–2015 Ebola epidemic. Drawing on participant observation and interview data, this article suggests that building a resilient decentralized primary health care system will largely depend on the willingness of the centre to meaningfully devolve power and resources to subnational governments, and establish a mutual accountability mechanism in which actors at all levels are held accountable.

La reconstruction d’après-guerre en Sierra Leone a été accompagnée d’un programme ambitieux de décentralisation, promu par des donateurs, visant à rendre plus efficace la prestation des services sociaux défaillants du pays. Cet article examine, une décennie après la «décentralisation» des services de santé, les défaillances systémiques qui ont abouti à une déconcentration plutôt qu’une dévolution du système de santé. Il identifie quatre facteurs qui ont contribué à une provision décentralisée dysfonctionnelle des soins de santé primaires. Le premier est un cadre politique et juridique incompatible qui brouille et déforme les délimitations de compétences entre institutions du gouvernement central et infranational. Cela conduit à trois autres défis qui interagissent pour créer un secteur de la santé publique inefficace: le gouvernement central est résistant à la dévolution, en partie en raison d’une culture d’accumulation; les interventions au niveau local ne sont pas coordonnées; et il y a une responsabilité limitée pour les travailleurs de la santé de première ligne. En conséquence, les besoins de santé des citoyens ne sont pas satisfaits. La Sierra Leone est accablée par l’un des pires taux de mortalité maternelle et infantile dans le monde, et a fait face à la plus intraitable des épidémies Ebola de l’ 2014–2015. En s’appuyant sur des données issues d’observation participative et d’entrevues, cet article soutient que la construction d’un système de soins de santé primaires endurant et décentralisé dépendra largement de la volonté du centre de déléguer de manière significative pouvoir et ressources auprès des gouvernements infranationaux, et d’établir un mécanisme de responsabilité mutuelle au sein duquel les «acteurs» de tous niveaux sont tenus responsables.

Acknowledgements

Active research for this article was conducted while the author was a Ph.D. candidate at SOAS, University of London. It is largely an excerpt of his thesis entitled, ‘Governance Reforms in Sierra Leone: An Analysis of the Conception, Design and Implementation of the Decentralization Programme and its Impacts, 2004–2012’. He is therefore indebted to Dr Tom Young for his insightful supervision, the Mo Ibrahim Foundation (MIF) for funding the research, and Sierra Leonean government officials and service users who took part in the study. The author would also like to express gratitude to the editors of Critical African Studies, and two anonymous reviewers for their very useful comments during the review of the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1. See Section 9 of the Hospital Boards Act of 2003.

2. Minutes of Bo District Council monthly coordination meeting, 5 October 2011; 2 November 2011; 7 December 2011.

3. Observations and discussions with health workers in Tonkolili District, during field visits, 18 –22 February 2013.

4. Focus group discussion, 7 February 2012, Binkolo.

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