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Articles

Pursuing social justice through public health: gender and sexual diversity activism in Malawi

Quête de justice sociale à travers la santé publique : Activisme pour l’identité et la diversité sexuelle au Malawi

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Pages 71-90 | Received 20 Oct 2015, Accepted 13 Sep 2016, Published online: 15 Feb 2017
 

Abstract

African lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and queer (LGBTIQ) organizations face various strategic dilemmas in contexts characterized by political hostility to gender and sexual dissidents. In Malawi, we examine how an LGBTIQ social movement organization (SMO), the Centre for the Development of People, navigated one particular strategic dilemma – the dilemma of whether to adopt a less politicized public-health approach or a more nimble, grassroots-oriented, and social-justice approach to their advocacy work. We also examine the consequences of the organization’s strategic decisions. Scholars interpret these approaches as signifying differential political engagement among organizations, with the social-justice approach indicating political engagement and the public-health approach signalling political disengagement. This difference has led critics to argue that a public-health approach is poorly suited to generating social and legal reform because it depoliticizes LGBTIQ issues over time, while a social-justice approach exerts constant pressure on political and religious elites. Drawing on qualitative interview data with Malawian LGBTIQ activists and news media data reflecting public debate around homosexuality in the country, we illuminate how this SMO metamorphosed from an organization ostensibly focused only on public health and HIV/AIDS to one that advances social justice for gender and sexual dissidents. We argue for an understanding of the indigenous development of a hybrid strategy integrating the public-health and social-justice approaches.

Les organisations africaines de lesbiennes, gays, bisexuels, transgenres, intersexes et queer (LGBTIQ) font face à différents dilemnes stratégiques dans des contextes caractérisés par une hostilité politique envers les dissidents sexuels. Au Malawi, pays où l’on rencontre un tel contexte, nous examinons comment une Organisation de mouvement social (SMO) LGBTIQ au Malawi, le Centre pour le développement des personnes (CEDEP ou Centre for the Development of People), a géré un dilemne stratégique particulier – le dilemme d’adopter ou non une approche de santé publique moins politisée ou bien une approche plus vive, orientée sur la communauté et la justice sociale pour leur travail de défense – et les conséquences des décisions stratégiques de l’organisation. Pour les chercheurs qui interprètent ces approches, celles-ci révèlent un engagement politique différentiel au sein des organisations. L’approche se concentrant sur la justice sociale indiquant un engagement politique, et l’approche se concentrant sur la santé publique indiquant un désengagement politique. Cette différence a poussé les commentateurs à avancer qu’une approche se concentrant sur la santé publique est mal adaptée pour générer une réforme sociale et juridique parcequ’elle dépolitise les questions relatives aux LGBTIQ sur la durée, alors qu’une approche se concentrant sur la justice sociale exerce une pression constante sur les élites politiques et religieuses. En faisant appel à des données qualitatives résultant d’entretiens avec des activistes LGBTIQ du Malawi et des nouvelles données issues des médias reflétant le débat public autour de l’homosexualité dans le pays, nous avons mis en lumière comment cette SMO, organisation qui au départ se concentrait ostensiblement sur la santé publique et l’IVH/SIDA, s’est métamorphosée en une organisation qui fait progresser la justice sociale pour les dissidents sexuels. Nous défendons une compréhension du développement autochtone d’une stratégie hybride intégrant les approches de santé publique et de justice sociale.

Acknowledgments

We thank Jennifer Ng, who assisted with newspaper data collection; Augustine Harawa and Charles Sisya, who assisted with interview logistics in Malawi; and colleagues Rachel Robinson and Nicole Angotti for their helpful comments on earlier drafts. We also benefited from comments and discussion on earlier versions of this manuscript that were presented at the 2016 Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association (ASA).

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1. SLC membership included representatives from the judiciary, civil service, civil society, the Malawi Law Society, religious groups, academics, and eminent citizens.

2. Interview, National AIDS Commission, 28 April, 2010.

3. Interview, National AIDS Commission, 19 August, 2010.

4. Jackson, interview, 29 June, 2012.

5. Benjamin, interview, 27 June, 2012.

6. Richard, interview, 28 June, 2012.

7. Moses, interview, 2 July, 2012.

8. Richard, interview, 28 June, 2012.

9. Thomas, interview, 27 June, 2012.

10. Blessings, interview, 4 July, 2012.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Benjamin, interview, 27 June, 2012.

14. Blessings, interview, 4 July, 2012.

15. Ibid.

16. In 2015, IGLHRC changed its name to OutRight Action International.

17. Charles, interview, 3 July, 2012.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by American Association of University Women; Charles Phelps Taft Research Center; Division of Social and Economic Sciences [grant number 1202712]; McMicken College of Arts and Sciences; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [grant number R01HD053781]; Texas A&M University; University of California, Los Angeles; and National Science Foundation [grant number SES-1202712].

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