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Articles

Constructing Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) as a radically transformative policy in South Africa: government v corporate discourse

Construction de la promotion économique des Noirs (BEE) en tant que Politique radicalement transformatrice en Afrique du Sud

Pages 199-217 | Received 18 Mar 2020, Accepted 14 Oct 2021, Published online: 17 May 2022
 

Abstract

This paper investigates how the South African government and mining corporations have appropriated anti-apartheid and anti-colonial discourses to legitimise Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) as a radically transformative policy without being transformative in conception, discourse, or action. There is a presumption in academic circles that BEE is a panacea for radically transforming historical, structural, and unequal power relations in South Africa. This article rejects this presumption by demonstrating how the conception and discourse of BEE have ignored these power relations and their underlying political economic structures of apartheid capitalism even before the policy was implemented or enforced by the government. Using [Young, Marion. 1990. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Oxford: Oxford University Press] critique of the distributive paradigm of justice, and employing [Fairclough, Norman. 1992. Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press] three-dimensional model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), this article argues that the government and mining corporations present BEE as a new measure of radical transformation while simultaneously reducing this transformation to the micro concept of economic participation, focusing on numbers, representation, and targets rather than on historical, structural, and unequal power relations. As a result, the government and these corporations have reinforced and maintained these power relations while employing the discourse of BEE to masquerade as advancing their transformation. The crux is that BEE encourages Black people to operate within economically and institutionally oppressive structures which amplify the conditions they purport to be challenging.

Cet article examine comment le gouvernement sud-africain et les sociétés minières se sont appropriés les discours anti-apartheid et anticolonial pour légitimer la promotion économique des Noirs (BEE) en tant que politique radicalement transformatrice sans que sa conception, son discours ou son action ne soient transformateurs. Il y a une présomption dans les cercles universitaires que la BEE est une panacée pour transformer radicalement les relations de pouvoir historiques, structurelles et inégales en Afrique du Sud. Cet article rejette cette présomption en démontrant comment la conception et le discours de la BEE ont ignoré ces relations de pouvoir et les structures économiques politiques sous-jacentes du capitalisme d’apartheid qui leur sont propres, avant même que la politique ne soit mise en œuvre ou appliquée par le gouvernement. En utilisant la critique de Marion Young (1990) du paradigme distributif de la justice et en employant le modèle tridimensionnel d’analyse critique du discours (CDA) de Fairclough (1992), cet article soutient que le gouvernement et les sociétés minières présentent la BEE comme une nouvelle mesure de transformation radicale, tout en réduisant simultanément cette transformation au concept de micro participation économique, en se concentrant sur les chiffres, la représentation et les cibles plutôt que sur les relations de pouvoir historiques, structurelles et inégales. En conséquence, le gouvernement et ces entreprises ont renforcé et maintenu ces relations de pouvoir tout en utilisant le discours de la BEE pour se faire passer pour une avancée de leur transformation. Le point crucial est que la BEE encourage les Noirs à opérer au sein de structures économiquement et institutionnellement oppressives qui amplifient les conditions qu’ils déclarent difficiles.

Acknowledgements

This article is based on elements of research conducted as part of the author's PhD studies at Cardiff University. The author would like to thank his supervisor Dr Catherine Walsh for her support and ongoing critical engagement.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Statement of Ethics

At the time this study was conducted, Cardiff University did not require ethical approval to be sought for this type of research.

Notes

1 This is contrary to the fact that ‘BEE has largely been driven by organisations outside of government’ even though ‘it is widely presented as an initiative of the ANC government’ (Lindsay Citation2015, ii).

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