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Introduction

Introduction: The ideology of the illiberal modernisers in Africa

L’idéologie des modernisateurs illibéraux en Afrique

Pages 219-230 | Received 28 May 2021, Accepted 21 Nov 2022, Published online: 16 Dec 2022
 

Abstract

The 21st century has seen a major political and developmental shift in Africa involving the rise of new authoritarian states and a return to infrastructure-led, economically interventionist state-building programmes. Many studies have examined the international political economy of this shift, from the commodity boom to the rise of China and the political power underpinning development-focused regimes at the national level. This special issue argues instead that this authoritarian state-building drive is also the product of ideas, beliefs, and principles. An ideology of development has led a group of ruling parties to pursue distinctive programmes of leap-frogging modernization. Authors in this special issue present a set of case studies ranging from old parties in government since independence, in Tanzania and Mozambique, to former insurgents in Rwanda and Ethiopia, and detail their ideologies. While acknowledging their considerable variation and uniqueness, we group the common features of these cases together, presenting the ‘illiberal modernisers’ ideological programme. Many of its elements look like resurgent 20th-century High Modernism, however, we demonstrate that there are profoundly new features combining postmodern aesthetics, elements of neoliberal orthodoxy, and new public management. Such ideological dimensions remain overlooked in the study of African politics, with materialist perspectives touting rational interests and strategy, largely dominating.

Le 21e siècle a vu un changement politique et de développement majeur en Afrique impliquant la montée de nouveaux États autoritaires et un retour à des programmes de construction d'État économiquement interventionnistes axés sur les infrastructures. De nombreuses études ont examiné l'économie politique internationale de ce changement, de la montée en flèche des matières premières à la montée de la Chine et du pouvoir politique qui sous-tend les régimes axés sur le développement au niveau national. Ce numéro spécial souligne en particulier en quoi cette tendance autoritaire à construire un État est aussi le produit d'idées, de croyances et de principes. Une idéologie du développement a conduit un groupe de partis au pouvoir à poursuivre des programmes distincts de modernisation par soubresauts. Les auteurs de ce numéro spécial présentent un ensemble d'études de cas allant des anciens partis au gouvernement depuis l'indépendance, en Tanzanie et au Mozambique, aux anciens insurgés au Rwanda et en Éthiopie, et détaillent leurs idéologies. Nous reconnaissons leur grande diversité et leur singularité, et regroupons les caractéristiques communes de ces cas, en présentant le programme idéologique des « modernisateurs illibéraux ». Nombre de ses éléments ressemblent à la résurgence du haut modernisme du XXe siècle, cependant, nous démontrons qu'il existe des caractéristiques profondément nouvelles combinant une esthétique postmoderne, des éléments d'orthodoxie néolibérale et une nouvelle gestion publique. Ces dimensions idéologiques restent ignorées dans les études sur la politique africaine, les perspectives matérialistes vantant les intérêts rationnels et la stratégie, largement dominantes.

Acknowledgements

Dr Will Jones (Copenhagen) was centrally involved in the creation of the creation and editing of this special issue and this introduction. It was both fun and intellectually enriching to work on this project together and develop its ideas. The text builds on his work on the ideology of Rwanda’s ruling party and the role of ideology in the study of politics in Africa. Additionally, we would like to thank the ESRC, the University of Oxford and Royal Holloway, University of London for supporting the workshops which led to the special issues.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 A logic here meaning a perspective on how human action is to be interpreted, which includes both normative and cognitive components (March and Olsen Citation2011).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Green Templeton College, University of Oxford; Oxford Central Africa Forum; ESRC Doctoral Training Centre, Oxford; Africa Studies Centre, University of Oxford; Horn of Africa Seminar Series, University of Oxford.

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