A Highly Sensitive Square-wave Adsorptive Anodic Stripping Voltammetry for Trace Determination and Speciation of Palladium at Bismuth Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode using 1,2 Dihydroxy-cyclobut-1,2-ene 3,4 dione Schiff Base Reagent

Abstract

The detection of precious metal ion moieties is of utmost significance for environmental control. Thus, the current study provides a low cost and highly-accurate square wave adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetric procedure (SW-AdASV) at a Bi film (BiF/GCE) for the analysis of the lower levels of palladium (II) ions. The proposed SW-AdASV methodology was based on the selective accumulation of the palladium (II) chelat of the newly Schiff base reagent of 1,2 dihydroxy-cyclobut-1,2-ene-3,4-dione (DCED) in a universal buffer of pH=2-3. Under the optimized analytical parameters, the plot of the palladium (II) concentration versus the corresponding anodic peak current was linear over a wide range of [5×10^-9 – 2.5×10^-6 molL^-1 Pd] with a correlation coefficient of R²=0.9995 and excellent repeatability with RSDs of (3.3-3.8%) (n=5). In the SW-AdASV approach, the lower limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) as calculated were discovered to be 1.07×10^-9 and 3.57×10^-9 molL^-1, respectively. The current sensor offered interference from several active metal ions, such as Hg²⁺ and Cd²⁺. Lastly, the developed SW-AdASV method with (BiF/GCE) was successfully applied for the detection of lower levels of Pd²⁺ in water. Furthermore, this procedure presents a sensitive, accurate process with short analytical time, ruggedness, robustness, and reproducibility.

Key words:

• Palladium
• bismuth film/glassy carbon electrode
• stripping voltammetry
• chelating agent
• environmental water