Global executive dysfunction, not core executive skills, mediate the relationship between adversity exposure and later health in undergraduate students

Abstract

Executive function (EF) represents a set of higher-order cognitive skills that permit engagement in goal-oriented behavior. EF deficits are associated with wide-ranging negative health-related consequences, including psychopathology and engagement in risky health-related behaviors. Because neural substrates supporting EF develop over a protracted period of time, an extended window of vulnerability exists whereby environmental stressors can interrupt development, culminating in lifelong EF deficits. We capitalized on this understanding of the vulnerability of EF-relevant neural structures to elucidate the link between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and early mortality. ACEs are highly prevalent in the general population and exert negative downstream implications for many health-related behaviors, ultimately hastening mortality. However, underlying mechanisms linking ACEs with poor health remain less understood. To address this gap in the literature, we assessed ACE history and health factors, including psychopathology and risky alcohol use behaviors in undergraduates. We further assessed EF using performance-based and rating scale measures. Results revealed that some measures of EF mediated the relationship between ACEs and current mental health, but EF did not mediate the association between ACEs and engagement in risky health-related behaviors. These results partially support a neurodevelopmental model of ACE exposure vis-à-vis future health, focusing on the role of EF.

Keywords:

• Childhood adversity
• executive function
• executive function rating scales
• performance-based executive function

Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge Jasmine Ali-Gami, Prudence Chan, and Valeria Navarro for their assistance with data collection. There are no funding sources to declare.

Disclosure statement

No potenntial conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 Data were confirmed to be missing completely at random using Little’s MCAR test. Less than 1% of data were missing.